Notes
1. George D. Smith, ed., An Intimate Chronicle: The Journals of William Clayton (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1995), 415.
2. Donna T. Smart, Mormon Midwife: The 1846–1888 Diaries of Patty Bartlett Sessions (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1997), 179.
a. Ada Sessions Eddins, “Perrigrine and Emorette Loveland Sessions,” typescript, [5]. Copy in possession of editor.
b. Lucille Hansen, “History of Fanny Emorette Loveland Sessions,” Daughters of Utah Pioneers history, 1957, 5. See also Ada Sessions Eddins, “Perrigrine and Emorette Loveland Sessions.”
3. Information on missionary assignments came mostly from the Millennial Star, January 1853 and a supplement for 1853. Some assignments, of course, changed as different needs arose. Biographical information came from Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia: A Compilation of Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 4 vols. (Salt Lake City: Andrew Jenson History, 1901–36); Susan Easton Black, Membership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1830–1848, 50 vols. (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1989), and other miscellaneous sources. Information on the captains of handcart companies came from LeRoy R. and Ann W. Hafen, Handcarts to Zion: The Story of a Unique Western Migration, 1856–1860 (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1960).
4. In 1852, Horace S. Eldredge was appointed to preside over the St. Louis, Missouri, conference as well as any emigration parties leaving from there.
5. Pitt was the leader of Pitt’s Brass Band, which performed in Nauvoo and along the Mormon Trail.
6. McArthur became the captain of the second handcart company, which left June 11, 1856, and arrived safely in Salt Lake City.
7. Parks became captain of the seventh handcart company, which left Iowa City on or about June 12, 1857. It comprised all the Scandinavian Saints, but since Parks did not speak Danish, he resigned in favor of Christian Christiansen.
8. Martin was captain of the fifth handcart company, which left Winter Quarters, Nebraska, on August 25, 1856, and in which Sarah Crossley, who later married Perrigrine, traveled. “Sarah Crossley Sessions: Member Martin Handcart Company,” typescript, 1, copy in possession of editor. Also, a list is provided in Journal History, November 30, 1856.
9. This was Jones’s second mission to Wales. His first was in 1845. Dan Jones was jailed with Joseph Smith at Carthage in 1844. In 1849 he, Parley P. Pratt, and others went on a southern exploring expedition, scouting out the territory three hundred miles south of Salt Lake City.
10. Willie later became captain of the fourth handcart company, which left Winter Quarters, Nebraska, on August 18, 1856. He placed the number of deaths at sixty-seven in his company of five hundred. LeRoy R. Hafen and Ann W. Hafen, Handcarts to Zion (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1960), 92, 193.
11. George Riser became president of the German Mission, 1854–1855.
12. Jesse Turpin died on the frontier on the way home from this mission.
13. A narrow, sixteen-mile canyon west of present-day Evanston, Wyoming, Echo Canyon was the site of breastworks the Saints built in 1857 when threatened with an invasion of troops to quell a rumored Mormon rebellion. From pioneer times it has been a major transportation corridor, which included the Mormon Trail, the Pony Express, the first transcontinental railroad, and now Interstate Highway 80.
14. Orson Hyde, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, was disfellowshipped for about six months in 1835 but previously had been a successful and dedicated missionary. At the time of the journal entry, he was returning from Kanesville (Council Bluffs), Iowa, where he had been presiding officer of the Church. As president of the Quorum of the Twelve, he was charged with sending the Saints, many of them destitute, on to Salt Lake City. In fact, it was in Hyde’s home on December 5, 1847, that Brigham Young was unanimously voted by the Twelve to be President of the Church. He and his counselors were sustained in a conference on December 27, 1847, at the newly constructed log tabernacle at Kanesville. Hyde published the Frontier Guardian in Kanesville. In 1851 a letter from Brigham Young instructed Hyde to urge the gathering and evacuation of the Saints to Utah by 1852. One of the last to leave, Orson Hyde sold his press and moved his family back to the Salt Lake Valley. See Howard H. Barron, Orson Hyde: Missionary—Apostle—Colonizer (Bountiful, Utah: Horizon, 1977).
15. On the same day, William Clayton wrote, “At 11 o’clock the brethren were called together, and, after singing and prayer Elder Orson Pratt read the new translation of the first and second chapters of the book of Genesis, and also the Revelation on Celestial Marriage, given to the Prophet Joseph July 12, 1843, giving many explanations and much instruction on various passages and points of doctrine contained therein, all of which will be highly beneficial to the Elders during the present mission.” George D. Smith, ed., An Intimate Chronicle: The Journals of William Clayton (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1991), 422.
16. Blacks Fork, a tributary of the Green River, runs north out of the Uinta Mountains in Utah.
17. These were among the twenty-three Mormon pioneer companies containing approximately five thousand people that crossed the plains during 1852. However, Stanley B. Kimball’s comprehensive listing of pioneer companies does not list J. C. Little as one of the company leaders. See Kimball, Historic Resource Study, 136–50.
18. South Pass over the Continental Divide, where rivers begin to flow west instead of east, is the gateway to and the easiest exit from the Rocky Mountains.
19. In its entry for December 31, 1852, Journal History quoted the Millennial Star of April 1, 1852: “One of the most important moves which have been made for the temporal prosperity of the Church . . . is the organization by Apostle John Taylor of the “Deseret Manufacturing Company” with a capital of fifty thousands pounds sterling; and having for its object the establishment of manufactories in Deseret. The first important operation . . . has been to take out to Utah the entire machinery and apparatus for making and refining of three hundred tons of sugar from beets each season. . . . at a cost of two thousand five hundred pounds sterling and . . . it will require about fifty teams and wagons to convey it from Council Bluffs to Great Salt Lake City.”
Journal History further reported that President Brigham Young had written Elder John Taylor, who was in Europe, suggesting he investigate purchasing machinery to build up the industry in Deseret. Elder Taylor sent 1,200 pounds of sugar beet seed with a returning missionary.
In the spring of 1852, Taylor visited Arras, France, noted for its sugar industries. A convert, Philip De La Mare, who had assisted in translating the Book of Mormon into French, accompanied him. They incorporated and raised about sixty thousand dollars. The machinery, in the charge of three Elders and thirty mechanics, left Liverpool on March 6, 1852. Elder Taylor met the ship in New Orleans and transferred the brethren and machinery to a steamboat on the Mississippi River bound for St. Louis. There it was loaded on wagons that could not carry the heavy machinery. De La Mare went east to secure more wagons. A man named Charles H. Perry sold him forty large schooners on credit. On July 4, 1852, they left Leavenworth with six or eight yoke of oxen, each transporting 5,000 to 9,000 pounds of iron machinery. They traveled into fall, dealt with snowstorms, lost cattle, and risked starvation. On October 7, 1852, Salt Lake City heard that the company had lost eighty head of cattle during a storm, and Joseph Horne was sent with provisions. At the Bear River they had to leave several large boilers behind. By the time they reached Provo, fifty miles south of Salt Lake City, it had taken them five months to make the 1,200-mile journey.
Efforts to make sugar in Provo failed. In 1853 the equipment was moved to the Salt Lake City temple block, where the first molasses was made. In 1854 the factory was moved to Canyon Creek, now Sugar House, where good molasses was made, but sugar-making was never successful. Everything was done right, but one critical piece of equipment, the retorts, was never ordered. The retorts were needed to burn the bones to make charcoal that purified the molasses.
By 1860 the factory was instead used to make paper. But Brigham did not give up. In the 1890s, sugar-making began in earnest and in some areas lasted for more than a hundred years. Mary F. K. Pye, “Sugar Industry in Utah,” in Journal History, December 31, 1852.
Perrigrine may have been unaware of the dramatic circumstances surrounding his casual allusion to the sugar mill company—and the transport of the first sugar-making equipment west, as well as to the United States as a whole. See Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 2d ed. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993), 116–20.
20. The original pioneer company of Brigham Young discovered an ice spring buried under the prairie turf. Eight inches down, diggers found a foul-smelling pool, but a foot below the surface of the water they found a four-and-one-half-inch layer of ice, which William Clayton said was “as clear as I ever saw and good tasting.” Hal Knight and Stanley B. Kimball, 111 Days to Zion (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1978), 184–85.
21. Devil’s Gate is a narrow gap in a rocky spur about 300 feet deep. The Sweetwater River runs through it for about 500 yards.
22. William Clayton wrote on October 1, 1852, “At Devil’s Gate we passed a small Fort, lately erected by a Frenchman for a trading post, to trade with the Indians and emigrants. . . . The Fort is composed of a good hewed log-house, and a strong yard for his stock, other sides being about 8 feet high, also built of hewed logs.” Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 432.
23. Like most travelers on the trail, Perrigrine climbed the turtle-shaped rock and carved his name on it. This was four and one-half miles east of Devil’s Gate.
24. On the westward journey, Perrigrine’s mother, Patty Sessions, wrote on Tuesday, August 24, 1847, “At Independence Rock I went up on the Rock got a piece off of the top to carry along we have got sallaratus plenty just before we come to this Rock the lake that had the best was at the left when we came.” Perrigrine had seen the saleratus lake on that earlier date, and he and other pioneers used saleratus like baking soda. See Smart, Mormon Midwife, 96.
25. At Mormon Ferry, today Casper, Wyoming, the missionary company reached the North Platte River, which, as Perrigrine recorded in his account, they followed to its confluence with the Missouri near what is now Omaha, Nebraska. The Oregon-California Trail and the Mormon Trail basically paralleled the Platte River, crossing it when necessary.
26. The “others” referred to included Orson Spencer, who subscribed to the idea that Adam came to this earth with a resurrected body. Orson Pratt, on the other hand, believed in the literal reading of the Bible. Perrigrine, however, does not state a preference. William Clayton wrote, “The chaplain Orson Spencer addressed the meeting for an hour and a half on the doctrine of our father Adam coming to this earth in the morning of creation with a resurrected body &c. He read extracts from the New translation of the 1st and 2nd Chapters of the Book of Genesis, and the Prophecy of Enoch to maintain his position [Joseph Smith’s translation of the Bible]. He was listened to with great attention. He was followed by Elder Orson Pratt on the same subject, who read more copiously from the above mentioned works, followed by deep and reasonable remarks. He takes the literal reading of the scriptures for his guide, and maintains that God took the dust of the earth and moulded a body into which he put the spirit of man . . . while Brother Spencer endeavors to substantiate the position taken by President Young viz. that Adam came to this earth with a resurrected body, and became mortal by eating the fruits of the earth which was earthy. The subject was finally left in much difficulty and obscurity as it has been from the beginning. The Brethren are evidently getting tired of arguing on a subject in regards to which so little is known, or satisfaction desired, and on which there is so great a difference of opinion. Elder Pratt advised the Brethren to pray to God for a knowledge of the true principles and it appears evident that when ever the question is decided, it will have to be by revelation from God” (Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 433–34; see also Breck England, Orson Pratt [Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1985], 177).
27. It is difficult to know exactly to what officers Perrigrine referred, but in late October 1852 Benjamin G. Ferris, Secretary of the Territory of Utah, arrived in Salt Lake City, as did Justice Leonidas Shaver. The wife of Benjamin G. Ferris became very critical of Mormons, in particular of polygamy. She wrote a book, The Mormons at Home (1856; New York: AMS, 1971), a scathing diatribe against those who had settled the Salt Lake Valley. See also William Mulder and E. Russell Mortensen, Among the Mormons (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958), 262–65.
28. Founded as Fort William in 1834 and operated by the American Fur Company, Fort Laramie was Wyoming’s first trading post. Later it was called Fort John, by which name the Mormon pioneers knew it. In 1849 it became Fort Laramie after Jacques LaRamie, a French trapper. See Kimball, Historic Resource Study, 56; Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 311 n. 46; and Knight and Kimball, 111 Days to Zion, 134.
29. Kimball, Historic Resource Study, 55, writes, “Along this stretch on both sides of the river are some of the most famous and dramatic topographical features of the Mormon and Oregon-California Trails. Courthouse Rock, Chimney Rock, and Scotts Bluff guarded the Oregon Trail, while Indian Lookout Point and Ancient Ruins Bluff sentineled the Mormon Trail.”
30. Ash Hollow was a famous campsite on the Oregon Trail. It was approximately forty miles east of Ancient Ruins Bluff.
31. On the south side because the bluffs prevented passage on the north.
32. William Clayton wrote, “Orson Pratt delivered a very interesting discourse on the nature and character of the God we worship. Showing that he is the same God who is worshipped by all the millions of worlds besides this. That it is not the person of God we worship, but the attributes or properties which constitute the Godhead. He also proved that there is a substance which fills all the elements of eternity called the Holy Spirit, separate from the personage of the Holy Spirit. He referred to many passages in the Bible, Book of Covenants, and modern revelations, to sustain his arguments. The discourse was highly interesting and full of instructive matter” (Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 447). Clayton also said that Pratt was writing a lengthy piece on the premortal existence of man.
33. According to Madsen, Journey to Zion, 327, “A great scourge was cholera. Diarrhea and dysentery were close rivals, but when the Asian cholera appeared on the plains in 1849, with outbreaks for several years afterwards, few wagon trains escaped losses.” Clayton’s journal does not refer, as Perrigrine’s does, to the deaths.
34. Fort Kearny, Nebraska, established 1848, was on the south bank of the Platte River, southwest of what is now Kearney. It was named for Colonel S. W. Kearny, who according to the diary of President Polk, “was also authorized to receive into service as volunteers a few hundred of the Mormons who are now on their way to California, with a view to conciliate them, attach them to our country and prevent them from taking part against us.” Quoted in Preston Nibley, Exodus to Greatness (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1947), 181.
35. The prairies were tinder-dry in the autumn. Fires started for almost no reason and could consume everything. After the railroad’s advent and the building of settlements and farms along the westward trail, sparks ignited prairie fires that leveled farmhouses, sometimes burned the owners and their families, and wreaked havoc upon cultivated farmlands unless some plowed, unplanted land kept the flames from spreading. Fires were also ignited by Indians, however, perhaps to harass travelers or to clear the plains for grass to grow better the coming spring. Madsen, Journey to Zion, 215.
Regarding this fire, William Clayton wrote on October 24, 1852, “Soon after our noon halt we passed 5 wagons loaded with stores for the Sutler [civilian merchants] at Fort Kearney. They say they passed large bands of Pawnees, both last night and this morning, on their way down the river; and that the Indians have fired the grass below.” He continued to describe the scene, then stated, “The excitement lasted about an hour, and through the mercy of God we escaped, I had almost said without a hair of our heads being singed, but there were some who had their eyebrows scorched. . . . The brethren also plainly saw the power of God manifested in our behalf in the wind striking the fire from us, when only about three rods distant.” Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 454–55.
36. The village referred to was probably on the Loup Fork of the Platte River, where the original pioneers had first encountered the Pawnee Indians. According to Kimball, Historic Resource Study, 54, the Pawnee were “the largest indigenous tribe in Nebraska, numbering as many as 10,000 people. The nation was centered on the Loup River and habitually demanded gifts from white travelers near Shell Creek.” Shell Creek joins the Platte near Columbus, Nebraska.
37. Rosilla Cowan married David Sessions, Perrigrine’s father, as a plural wife in Nauvoo. She had briefly joined the emigrating Saints in 1847, but she and Patty jousted for dominant position in David’s affections. Rosilla tried to persuade David to turn back with her. After his refusal to do so, she went back to Nauvoo on her own. Smart, Mormon Midwife, 64–66, 142. Apparently, according to Perrigrine’s entry, she lived in Council Bluffs at this time.
38. George Parker Dykes spent a total of ten years as a missionary in England, Holland, France, Sweden, and Denmark. In 1849 he served a mission to Great Britain, and in 1850 he and Erastus Snow served as two of the first missionaries to Denmark.
39. While a Ft. Des Moines had existed near Montrose, Iowa, across the Mississippi River from Nauvoo, Illinois, the fare was to a location at or near the site of the present Des Moines, Iowa.
40. Perrigrine copied four hymns between the dates of November 18 and November 24, 1852. Each one is dated near the words, “Copied Iowa City.” The first is entitled “‘Resurrection Song’ by Wm C^l^ayton.” The others are titled “Joseph Smith and Hyrum,” “Union Hymn,” and “The Mullinium Hymn.” Perrigrine does not say who wrote the last three. Perhaps they are all creations of William Clayton. The last three are printed in the appendix.
41. Emma Hale Smith had borne up under severe afflictions during the persecution of the Saints, which culminated in the murder of her husband, Joseph. After the martyrdom, she differed with Brigham Young on several issues, property ownership and plural marriage being the most divisive. Consequently, she declined to leave with the departing Saints, instead living out her life in Nauvoo. In 1847 she married Lewis Bidamon, a member of another religion. Her mother-in-law, Lucy Mack Smith, spent her last years with Emma, at least from Perrigrine’s 1852 visit until Lucy’s death on May 14, 1856.
Lucy expressed her respect for Emma in the history she wrote of her martyred son. She said, “I have never seen a woman in my life, who would endure every species of fatigue and hardship, from month to month, and from year to year, with that unflinching courage, zeal, and patience, which she has ever done.” Lucy Mack Smith, History of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1958), 190–91.
Why Perrigrine wrote in one version that Lucy appeared glad to see him and in the other that she was glad to hear his voice but could not see him, is a mystery. Perhaps it was just a figure of speech, or perhaps she could not see him because of circumstances or ill health. Lavina Fielding Anderson, in researching Lucy Mack Smith, discovered that she had at least four other visitors who left a record of Lucy and her health after Perrigrine’s visit. One was Horace S. Eldredge, who crossed the plains with Perrigrine in 1852 and who visited Lucy in July 1853. Others were a British convert, Hannah Tapfield King; Frederick H. Piercy in 1853; and Enoch Tripp, a cousin of Perrigrine, in 1855. Not one mentioned any problem with Lucy’s eyesight. In letters he wrote to John Bernhisel, Joseph Smith III referred to his grandmother’s health and said that she had “her senses to the last moment.” Lavina Fielding Anderson, ed., A Critical Edition of Lucy Mack Smith’s Family Memoir (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2000), 793–95, 796.
42. “On 9 October 1848 the temple was gutted by an arsonist’s fire. Several walls were razed by a tornado on 27 May 1850. The temple stones were used in many buildings in Nauvoo, including the old Nauvoo jail just behind the temple on the next block. The remaining wall was purposely leveled in 1865.” Richard Neitzel Holzapfel and T. Jeffrey Cottle, Old Mormon Nauvoo, 1839–1846: Historic Photographs and Guide (Provo, Utah: Grandin Book, 1990), 39.
43. What Perrigrine commented on was later described by Upton Sinclair: “It was like some horrible crime committed in a dungeon, all unseen and unheeded, buried out of sight and memory.” The Lost First Edition of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (Memphis, Tenn.: Peachtree, 1988), chap. 3. It took until 1906 before something was done about the conditions in the meat-packing industry. In his annual message to Congress, December 5, 1905, Theodore Roosevelt recommended “that a law be enacted to regulate interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks and drugs.” He signed the bill into law on June 30, 1906. The act ruled that all foods coming within federal jurisdiction must be prepared in a cleanly manner from pure and wholesome materials and must be free from any added substance that might render them injurious to health. Gerald H. Carson, “Who Put the Borax in Dr. Wiley’s Butter?” American Heritage 7 (August 1956): 62, 95; and Robert C. Alberts, “The Good Provider,” American Heritage 23 (February 1972): 46.
44. By 1850 the steamboat was in its glory, with fancy gingerbread designs in the woodwork and Victorian elegance. The Civil War disrupted the steamboat industry, and it never fully recovered. From the beginning, boiler explosions had been a problem. See Leonard V. Huber, “Heyday of the Floating Palace,” American Heritage 8 (October 1957): 15–25, 96–98. On March 30, 1852, the Saluda, a ramshackle side-wheeler, left St. Louis with 175 people aboard, ninety of them Latter-day Saints bound for Council Bluffs and across the plains to Salt Lake. It was impossible to get through the ice and pass Lexington, Missouri, until the ice finally stopped running. On April 9, 1852, the captain, Francis T. Belt, had the fireboxes filled and the boilers fired. Somewhat due to carelessness on both the captain’s and the engineers’ part, the boilers burst and killed at least twenty-five Latter-day Saints and injured possibly an equal number more. See William Hartley and Fred Woods, Explosion of the Steamboat Saluda (Riverton, Utah: Millennial, 2002); R. Scott Lloyd, “Town Memorializing 1852 Steamboat Disaster,” Church News (March 16, 2002): 14.
The explosion mentioned by Perrigrine must have been a typical one; it is not chronicled with others. Conway B. Sonne, Ships, Saints, and Mariners: A Maritime Encyclopedia of Mormon Migration, 1830–1890 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987), 175–76.
45. By Perrigrine’s and any early standards, Mr. Porter was surely a giant. According to Frederick Drimmer, “A giant, in common usage, is a person who is exceptionally tall. . . . By general agreement if a man is over 6 feet 6.7 inches, he’s a giant.” Drimmer explained that the reason a person may be so tall may be due to good health, a pathological condition, big parents, or may even be a fake. Frederick Drimmer, Very Special People (New York: Citadel Press, 1991), 215–18.
46. William Clayton reported that he and other elders (Glover, Walker, Woodward, Haven, Riter, Hunt, and Smith) did not like the crowded conditions on the American Union, so they decided to book passage on the ship Columbia, which sailed the same day. Their passage was $22.50 each. See Smith, Intimate Chronicle, 480.
47. It was probably the Barnum Museum. In 1841, P. T. Barnum went into the museum business when he purchased Scudder Museum on Broadway and Ann Streets in New York City. By 1852 he had developed the Traveling Barnum Caravan Museum Show—and there were others, as well. Of course, during that period and into the twentieth century, sideshows were very popular.
In December 1852 a circus called R[ichard] Sands & Company Circus and Menagerie performed in New York City. One Casimir Odell was billed as “Hercules.” This may or may not have been the show Perrigrine saw. Some of the nostalgia and excitement of those earlier days can be found at the Circus World Museum in Baraboo, Wisconsin, where the Ringling Brothers Circus originally wintered between 1884 and 1918. For further information, see Stuart Thayer, Annals of the American Circus, 1848–1860 (Seattle: Dauven and Thayer, 1992), 58–59, 185.
48. Edward Stevenson, one of the elders called to Gibralter, recorded in his diary, “August—Considerable business has been done during the conference among which was the appointment of 106 elders on missions to the various parts of the habitable globe; some to America, some to Europe in its different parts—to England, Wales, Ireland, France, Germany, Prussia, Gibraltar, Denmark, Norway; and also China, Siam, Africa, Cape of Good Hope, Australia, the Pacific, the Sandwich Islands. . . . Though the appointment of these elders was short notice, no complaining; but all are up and doing making ready as minutemen all to go without purse or scrip, trusting in the Lord who will shield us. . . . We have had a quick passage across the plains of forty-six days. All well and greatly blessed. . . . We have purchased our provisions and cooking utensils all complete. We shall have to be our own cooks and I think we will be a happy lot of bachelors. . . . Saturday, December 25—Merry Christmas was highly applauded and such a one I never before experienced. As this is rather rougher than common it is about as much as we can do to keep in our berths. The tinware is rolling and rattling together with the provision chests from one side of the ship to the other. Heavy waves often come over the top of the ship. The waves look like mountains heaving. It looks sometimes as though the ship, when going over a large wave, was going to plunge under, but rises with the next. One Frenchman got thrown by a wave against a rope and cut his head and wet him and one of the brethren all over. The sea looks quite angry and boisterous. Perrigrine Sessions was thrown on a provision box and took a ride from one side of the cabin to the other and back while a woman was thrown down, taking a slide across. Many others laughed and some were somewhat alarmed” (Lesson Committee, comp., “Early Foreign Missions,” in An Enduring Legacy, 12 vols. [Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1977–89], 10:189).
