Notes
1. “Letterbook 2,” 197–98, Joseph Smith Papers, Church Historian’s Press, accessed July 12, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/letterbook-2/202.
2. Alisha Erin Hillam, “Latter-day Saints in Lee County, Iowa,” Journal of Mormon History 43, no. 3 (2017): 48.
3. “History, 1838–1856, Volume C-1 [2 November 1838–31 July 1842],” 1091 August 23, 1840), Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 12, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/history-1838-1856-volume-c-1-2-november-1838-31-july-1842/263.
4. John Smith, Journal, July 1840–March 1841, August 23, 1840, found in Hillam, “Latter-day Saints in Lee County, Iowa,” 50.
5. John Smith, Journal, September 2, 1840, found in Hillam, “Latter-day Saints in Lee County, Iowa,” 51.
6. Hillam, “Latter-day Saints in Lee County, Iowa,” 51.
7. “Revelation, circa Early March 1841 [D&C 125],” 16, Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 12, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/revelation-circa-early-march-1841-dc-125/1.
8. Elias Smith, Minutes of a conference held in Zarahemla, January 6, 1842 [Lee County, Iowa Territory], holograph, Elias Smith Papers, 1834–1846, MS 7062, Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/assets/ceb36342-5da8-49d6-b58e-e7328efa4227/0/1, pp. 467–68 herein.
9. Hillam concludes, “Zarahemla Stake members were needed to help complete the temple in Nauvoo more than they needed to grow the Church in the surrounding area.” Hillam, “Latter-day Saints in Lee County, Iowa,” 55.
10. David W. Kilbourne, “Latter-Day-Ism: Number One,” Warsaw (Ill.) Signal, October 6, 1841, pp. 189–200 herein.
11. Brady Winslow, “David W. Kilbourne: The Creation of an Iowa Anti-Mormon,” Annals of Iowa, 3rd ser., 78, no. 3 (2019): 249, 253–54.
12. “Temperance among the Mormons,” Warsaw Signal, July 14, 1841.
13. James B. Allen and Thomas G. Alexander, eds., Manchester Mormons: The Journal of William Clayton 1840–1842 (Peregrine Smith, 1974), 201–2.
14. Iowa Stake record, December 7, 1839, 12 [image 7], LR 7817 21, Church History Library, https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/assets/27cab0df-5f36-42f9-8f32-0d57f324401e/0/6.
15. Iowa Stake record, January 3, 1840, 14 [image 8].
16. Iowa Stake record, February 7, 1840, 86 [image 27]. “Tipling” during this time referred to alcohol.
17. George E. Kilbourne, Biographical Sketch of David W. Kilbourne (1883), in Caleb F. Davis scrapbooks, 2:472–73, Caleb F. Davis Collection, State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines, p. 165 herein.
18. Kilbourne, Biographical Sketch (1883), 476–77, p. 166 herein.
19. See “Ripley, Alanson,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/alanson-ripley.
20. Asahel Smith was an uncle to Joseph Smith Jr. He was a couple of years younger than Joseph Smith Sr. and about eight years older than his brother John Smith, who also lived in Lee County, Iowa. Asahel was baptized a Latter-day Saint in 1835 and came to Kirtland, Ohio, the following year. He came to Lee County, Iowa, in 1839. “Smith, Asahel,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/asahel-smith.
21. See “Pettegrew (Pettigrew), David,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/david-pettegrew-pettigrew.
22. See “Burk (Burke), John Matthias,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/john-matthias-burk-burke.
23. See “Fordham, Elijah,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/elijah-fordham.
24. Abraham Owen Smoot is perhaps best remembered in Utah history for his Church and political leadership in Provo, Utah, during the nineteenth century. He served several missions to the southern United States, where he was originally from, including a mission which he left for while living in Lee County, Iowa. In 1838, he married Margaret Thompson McMeans. See Jeffrey S. Hardy, “Abraham Owen Smoot,” Mormon Missionary Diaries, Digital Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, accessed August 20, 2025, https://lib.byu.edu/collections/mormon-missionary-diaries/about/diarists/abraham-owen-smoot/.
25. The rest of the minutes refer only to an Edmund Fisher, rather than an Edward Fisher. It is likely that these are the same. Edmund was the son of Pliny and Sally Cook Fisher, who are both mentioned in these minutes. Edmund later became involved in the Cutlerite movement. See Danny L. Jorgensen, “Early Mormon Marriage, Family, and Networks of Kinship: Begets and Horizontal Genealogy in the Case of the Later Cutlerites at Nauvoo,” John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 34, no. 1 (2014): 136.
26. Richard Howard was ordained an elder on March 31, 1836. “License for Richard Howard, 31 March 1836,” 30, Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 20, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/license-for-richard-howard-31-march-1836/1.
27. Elias Smith was the cousin of Joseph Smith Jr. and a leader in the Church throughout his life. See “Smith, Elias,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/elias-smith.
28. See Snow, Willard Trowbridge,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/willard-trowbridge-snow.
29. Brother of David W. Patten, one of the Twelve Apostles, killed in the Battle of Crooked River. See “Patten, John,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/john-patten.
30. Erastus and Willard Snow were brothers. See “Snow, Erastus,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/erastus-snow.
31. This name might also be Stephen Chase.
32. It is unclear why this meeting is recorded out of order. All the other meetings appear to be recorded chronologically.
33. See “Gee, George Washington,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/george-washington-gee.
34. John Badger was ordained an elder on October 26, 1836. “License for John Badger, 26 October 1836,” 183, Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 20, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/license-for-john-badger-26-october-1836/1.
35. It appears that Stephen Chase moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, in February 1840, which would explain the need to replace him in the Iowa Stake High Council. “Town Lot Order to Stephen Chase and William D. Huntington, 8 February 1840,” [1], Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 20, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/town-lot-order-to-stephen-chase-and-william-d-huntington-8-february-1840/1.
36. See “Baldwin, Wheeler,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/wheeler-baldwin.
37. This could either be James Newberry, born in 1791, or James Washington Newberry, his son, born in 1817. “Newberry, James,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/james-newberry; “Newberry, James Washington,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/james-washington-newberry.
38. See “Cahoon, Reynolds,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/reynolds-cahoon. The 1840 United States Census lists “Reynolds Cahoon” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5, FamilySearch.org, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, accessed August 15, 2025, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9YYL-97Q7?cc=1786457&wc=31SV-PY1%3A1588666013%2C1588666055%2C1588666285, citing NARA microfilm publication M704 (National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
39. See “Wight, Lyman,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/lyman-wight. The 1840 United States Census lists “Lyman Wight” living in Township 69, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 69, image 3.
40. For more on Adam-ondi-Ahman, see Alexander L. Baugh, “The History and Doctrine of the Adam-ondi-Ahman Revelation (D&C 116),” in Foundations of the Restoration: Fulfillment of the Covenant Purposes, ed. Craig James Ostler, Michael Hubbard MacKay, and Barbara Morgan Gardner (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Deseret Book, 2016), 157–87.
41. See “Avery, Daniel,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/daniel-avery.
42. At the same meeting in Commerce, Illinois, in October 1839 in which the branch in Iowa was organized, one of the resolutions that was accepted was, “that Ephraim Owen’s confession, for not obeying the word of wisdom.” “Letterbook 2,” 198, Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 20, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/letterbook-2/203.
43. See “Fuller, Amos Botsford,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/amos-botsford-fuller.
44. Christopher Williams was a member of the Nauvoo Lodge in 1842. “Minutes, 15–16 March 1842,” [13], in Documents, Volume 9: December 1841–April 1842, ed. Alex D. Smith, Christian K. Heimburger, and Christopher James Blythe, Joseph Smith Papers (Church Historian’s Press, 2019), 273, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/minutes-15-16-march-1842/1.
45. William, or “Wild Bill,” Hickman is known for his association with the Danites, violent temper, and criminal activity. In these minutes, several other members of the Iowa stake bring up complaints against Hickman, and he is disfellowshipped. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm A Hickman” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3. In the 1870s, after being excommunicated from the Church, Hickman wrote an exposé of his life as a Latter-day Saint: William Hickman, Brigham’s Destroying Angel: Being the Life, Confession, and Startling Disclosures of the Notorious Bill Hickman, the Danite Chief of Utah (New York, 1872).
46. This is most likely Vinson Knight. He was a land agent for the Church and, with others, purchased about eighteen thousand acres of land in Lee County, Iowa Territory, from Isaac Galland. He was appointed a bishop on May 4, 1839. See “Knight Vinson,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/vinson-knight.
47. For a record of the lands deeded to Vinson Knight from Isaac Galland, see “Lands Deeded, Isaac Galland to Vinson Knight, 26 June 1839,” [1], Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 20, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lands-deeded-isaac-galland-to-vinson-knight-26-june-1839/1; “Lands Deeded, after 26 June 1839,” [1], Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 20, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lands-deeded-after-26-june-1839/1. As the minutes show hereafter, Knight did not transfer these lands to the bishop of Iowa.
48. Spelled both “Lester” or “Leister.” See “Lester Gaylord, 1807–1844,” BYU Nauvoo Community Project, Center for Family History and Genealogy, Brigham Young University, accessed August 18, 2025, https://nauvoo.byu.edu/p/Person/103823/Lester-Gaylord.
49. His name appears as both Wandall and Wandle. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wandle Mace” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5. Most likely, the correct spelling is Wandle Mace, as per his autobiography. Wandle Mace, Autobiography, [1, image 6], MS 1924, Church History Library, https://catalog.churchofjesuschrist.org/assets/bdd8f2f5-fbd2-4e83-b4b3-ceea5fcc70d0/0/5.
50. Chapman Duncan was ordained an elder on March 31, 1836. See “License for Chapman Duncan, 31 March 1836,” 35, Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 21, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/license-for-chapman-duncan-31-march-1836/1.
51. His name is later spelled David Bennett in this document. This is most likely the same David Bennett who, in 1833 in Missouri, was in bed when a mob “found the owner D[avid] Bennett in bed, whom they took and beat unmercifully; one of the company drew a pistol, and swore that he would blow out his brains, but the ball laid bare his skull without fracturing it—thus narrowly he escaped with his life.” “‘A History, of the Persecution, of the Church of Jesus Christ, of Latter Day Saints in Missouri,’ December 1839–October 1840,” 33, Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 21, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/a-history-of-the-persecution-of-the-church-of-jesus-christ-of-latter-day-saints-in-missouri-december-1839-october-1840/5.
52. Augusta, Iowa, is north of Fort Madison in Des Moines County, just across the boundary with Lee County. Wandle Mace, mentioned within this document, recorded in his autobiography that he moved to Augusta, Des Moines County, about twenty miles from Montrose, in the summer of 1840, where Elder Ira Ames was presiding over a branch. He also recorded a heated exchange he had with a minister about Mormonism in a store in Augusta. He wrote, “Those present were mostly of the business men of the town, and were so disgusted with his abuse and insults to me and the people I represented; that they refused him a place to preach in. They were non professors of religion and such men I have always found to be more liberal and fair minded toward Mormonism, than are those who preach for hire and devine for money.” Mace, Autobiography, 58 [image 63]. Several of Augusta’s founding members converted to Mormonism. In April 1843, the branch had eighty-four members and a conference held that month in Augusta had about two hundred members attend. In 1844, most members moved to Nauvoo. William G. Hartley, “Mormons and Early Iowa History (1838 to 1858): Eight Distinct Connections,” Annals of Iowa, 3rd ser., 59, no. 3 (2000): 228.
53. George W. Pitkin only lived in Lee County, Iowa Territory, for about a year from 1840 to 1841. See “Pitkin, George White,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/george-white-pitkin.
54. This name is spelled Lowery, Lowrie, and Lowry in different places. It appears that there were both John Lowry Jr. and John Lowry Sr. living in Lee County during this time. See “John Lowry Jr., 1829–1915,” BYU Nauvoo Community Project, accessed August 18, 2025, https://nauvoo.byu.edu/p/Person/14081/John-Lowry; “John Lowry Sr., 1799–1867,” BYU Nauvoo Community Project, accessed August 18, 2025, https://nauvoo.byu.edu/p/Person/14098/John-Lowry.
55. In the list of Iowa Stake members, this name is spelled Lewis Zabriskie. For more, see “Lewis Zabriskie, 1796–1884,” BYU Nauvoo Community Project, accessed September 10, 2025, https://nauvoo.byu.edu/p/Person/40378/Lewis-Zabriskie.
56. See “William Reed Orton, 1802–1889,” BYU Nauvoo Community Project, accessed August 18, 2025, https://nauvoo.byu.edu/p/Person/36295/William-Reed-Orton.
57. See “Martin, Moses,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 18, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/moses-martin.
58. This is most likely Jedediah Owen, who was one of those who swore an affidavit before David W. Kilbourne regarding the Latter-day Saints persecution and loss of property in Missouri. Owen explained, “Daniel Avery and myself are appointed as a Committee to go out and beg corn and meal or any thing we may obtain, that can render them assistance or relieve them in their suffering condition.” “History, 1838–1856, Volume C-1 [2 November 1838–31 July 1842],” 1010, Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 21, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/history-1838-1856-volume-c-1-2-november-1838-31-july-1842/182.
59. This is Elias Higbee. In October 1839, Joseph Smith and Higbee met with President Martin Van Buren and others who told them that they could do nothing for the Saints. Glen M. Leonard, Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, a People of Promise (Deseret Book; Brigham Young University Press, 2002), 275–76.
60. Many of these affidavits were sworn before David W. Kilbourne, who was the justice of the peace in Montrose, Iowa, at the time. These include John M. Burk, John Lawry [Lowry], Jedediah Owen, Thaddeus Alvord, Wm. Hawk, Timothy B. Clark, Urban V. Stewart, John Smith, and Samuel Smith, sworn on January 6 and 7, 1840. “History, 1838–1856, Volume C-1,” 1009–12.
61. See generally Clark V. Johnson, ed., Mormon Redress Petitions: Documents of the 1833–1838 Missouri Conflict (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1992).
62. Joseph Smith had, on July 2, 1839, visited some of the land purchased by the Church in Lee County, Iowa Territory, and “advised that a town be built there, and to be called Zarahemla.” “History, 1838–1856, Volume C-1,” 957. However, the members there were waiting for Alanson Ripley to finish surveying Nauvoo so that he could then survey the land for the town of Zarahemla.
63. The 1840 United States Census lists “Lewis Abbot” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
64. The 1840 United States Census lists “Daniel Avery” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
65. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Applebee,” possibly Abigail’s husband, living in Township 66 in Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 1.
66. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Badger” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
67. The 1840 United States Census lists “Simon Baker” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
68. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Burke” living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, image 5.
69. The 1840 United States Census lists “James Browne” living in Township 68, Lee County, Iowa. This might be the same James. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 68, image 9.
70. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wheeler Baldwin” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
71. The 1840 United States Census lists “David Bennett” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
72. The 1840 United States Census lists “Calvin Beebe” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
73. The 1840 United States Census lists “Simeon Carter” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
74. The 1840 United States Census lists “Alfred B Childs” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 11.
75. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm Cahoon” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
76. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm H Dual,” likely referring to the same person, living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
77. The 1840 United States Census lists “Sheffield Daniels” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
78. The 1840 United States Census lists “Widow Adams,” likely referring to Abigail, living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
79. The 1840 United States Census lists “Daniel Davis” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
80. The 1840 United States Census lists “Plinney Fisher” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
81. The 1840 United States Census lists “Amos B Fuller” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
82. The 1840 United States Census lists “Luther Fuller” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
83. The 1840 United States Census lists “David Fry” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
84. The 1840 United States Census lists “Elijah Fordham” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
85. The 1840 United States Census lists “Jefferson Frink” living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, image 7.
86. The 1840 United States Census lists “James Fisher” living in Township 69, Lee County, Iowa. This might be the same James Fisher as in the Iowa Stake minutes. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 69, image 1.
87. The 1840 United States Census lists “George W Gee” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
88. The 1840 United States Census lists “Gypson Gates” living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, image 5.
89. The 1840 United States Census lists “Lester Gaylord” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
90. The 1840 United States Census lists “Moses Harris” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 11.
91. The 1840 United States Census lists “Pierce Hawley” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
92. The 1840 United States Census lists “Joseph Kingsbury” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
93. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm Leffingwell” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
94. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Lowrie” living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, image 5.
95. The 1840 United States Census lists “Amasa Lyman” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
96. The 1840 United States Census lists “Thomas Merril” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
97. The 1840 United States Census lists “Widow Meeks” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa, making it unclear which woman it is referencing, but likely one of these women. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
98. The 1840 United States Census lists “John S. Martin” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
99. The 1840 United States Census lists “Moses Martin” living in Township 66 of Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 1.
100. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Mills” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
101. The 1840 United States Census lists “Levi North” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 11.
102. The 1840 United States Census lists “James Newberry” living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, image 3. James Washington Newberry was the son of James Newberry.
103. The 1840 United States Census lists “Joseph B Nobles” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
104. The 1840 United States Census lists “Jedadiah Owens” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
105. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm R Orton” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 1.
106. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm Owens” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
107. The 1840 United States Census lists “George W Petkin” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
108. The 1840 United States Census lists “David Pettigon” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
109. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Patten” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
110. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm Patten” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
111. The 1840 United States Census lists “Charles Patten” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
112. The 1840 United States Census lists “James Lemon” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “Lemon” could be a misspelling of “Limmon.” “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
113. The 1840 United States Census lists “D W Rogers” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
114. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Smith” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 11.
115. The 1840 United States Census lists “George Smith” living in Township 65, where Keokuk, Iowa, was located. It is possible this is George A. Smith. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 65, image 3.
116. The 1840 United States Census lists “Samuel Smith” along with a “Widow Smith” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 11.
117. The 1840 United States Census lists “A O Smoot” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
118. The 1840 United States Census lists “Aaron Stead” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 9.
119. The 1840 United States Census lists “Albert Smith” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
120. The 1840 United States Census lists “Daniel Shumate” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
121. The 1840 United States Census lists “Willard Snow” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
122. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm E Smith” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 1.
123. The 1840 United States Census lists “Joel Smith” living in Township 69, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 69, image 1.
124. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Tanner Jr” and “John Tanner” consecutively as living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
125. The 1840 United States Census lists “Nathan Tanner” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
126. The 1840 United States Census lists “Amos Tubbs” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 1.
127. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm Vanausdale” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
128. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wilford Woodruff” living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, image 3.
129. The 1840 United States Census lists “Wm W Willis” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 1.
130. The 1840 United States Census lists “Christopher Williams” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
131. The 1840 United States Census lists “Allen Wait” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
132. The 1840 United States Census lists “Samuel Wood” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 7.
133. The 1840 United States Census lists “Lewis Zabriska” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 11.
134. The 1840 United States Census lists “Henry Zabriska” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 11.
135. See “Noble, Joseph Bates,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/joseph-bates-noble.
136. Calvin Beebe, or sometimes spelled “Bebee,” was eventually cut off from the Church on June 7, 1841. See “Beebe, Calvin,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/calvin-beebe.
137. Isaac Galland deeded a significant amount of land to Vinson Knight for the Church in Lee County, Iowa Territory. During a meeting of the Iowa Stake on December 6, 1839, Knight suggested that they deed those lands to a bishop in Iowa. See pp. 417–18 herein. For a record of some of those lands, see “Lands Deeded, Isaac Galland to Vinson Knight, 26 June 1839,” [1], Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 21, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/lands-deeded-isaac-galland-to-vinson-knight-26-june-1839/1.
138. There were apparently several individuals named Samuel Smith living in Lee County, Iowa Territory. None of these were Samuel H. Smith, brother of Joseph Smith Jr., but were likely related to Joseph Smith as cousins.
139. See “Hawley, Pierce,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/pierce-hawley.
140. See “Henry J. Zabriskie, 1788–1857,” BYU Nauvoo Community Project, accessed August 18, 2025, https://nauvoo.byu.edu/p/Person/23972/Henry-J.-Zabriskie.
141. See “Kingsbury, Joseph Corrodon,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 18, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/joseph-corrodon-kingsbury.
142. See “Tanner, John,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/john-tanner.
143. See “Carter, Simeon,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/simeon-carter.
144. See “Rogers, David White,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/david-white-rogers.
145. Sugar Creek, in the same area as Ambrosia, Des Moines County, Iowa Territory, would later become a major encampment for Saints fleeing Nauvoo in 1846. Hartley, “Mormons and Early Iowa History,” 227, 233.
146. This is likely Eli Bagley. The 1840 United States Census lists “Eli Bagley” living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa Territory. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, image 3.
147. The 1840 United States Census lists both “John H Mikesell” and “Hiram W Mikesell” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
148. Joseph Mecham, along with Moses, Joshua, Edward, and Ephraim Mecham, are listed on the 1840 United States Census as living in living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. They are listed soon after William A. Hickman on the census record, implying they likely lived quite close. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 3.
149. This is not William B. Smith, the brother of Joseph Smith Jr., but William E. Smith, likely a cousin of Joseph.
150. In the list of members, there are Shelfield Daniels, Stephen Daniels, and Solomon Daniels. This could be one of those but could also be another person entirely.
151. See “Samuel Pierce Hoyt, 1807–1889,” BYU Nauvoo Community Project, accessed August 18, 2025, https://nauvoo.byu.edu/p/Person/114137/Samuel-Pierce-Hoyt.
152. This agreement was made on April 20, 1840. “Agreement, Vinson Knight with Samuel P. Hoyt, 20 April 1840,” [1], Joseph Smith Papers, accessed July 20, 2021, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/agreement-vinson-knight-with-samuel-p-hoyt-20-april-1840/1.
153. See “Emmett, James,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/james-emmett.
154. See “Jackson, Henry S.,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/henry-s-jackson.
155. See “Smith, Don Carlos (JS’s brother),” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/don-carlos-smith-jss-brother.
156. The 1840 United States Census lists “John Taylor” living in Township 66, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 66, image 5.
157. The membership list records his name as “John F. Killian.” See “Killian, John,” Joseph Smith Papers, accessed August 20, 2025, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/person/john-killian.
158. The membership list records his name as “Charles Weller Patten.” Other sources give his middle name as “Wetherby.” See “Charles Wetherby Patten, 1811–1850,” BYU Nauvoo Community Project, accessed August 18, 2025, https://nauvoo.byu.edu/p/Person/41604/Charles-Wetherby-Patten.
159. In the membership list, his last name is spelled “Dalsymple.”
160. The 1840 United States Census lists “Jonathan Allen” living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, image 7.
161. Most likely this was the revelation received in early March 1841, which is now Doctrine & Covenants 125, which was an answer to the question, “What is the will of the Lord concerning the Saints in the Territory of Iowa?” See “Revelation, circa Early March 1841 [D&C 125],” 16, in Smith, Heimburger, and Blythe, Documents, Volume 9, 71, https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/revelation-circa-early-march-1841-dc-125/1.
162. Part of the revelation for the Saints in the Territory of Iowa stated, “Let them build up a city unto my name upon the land opposite to the city of Nauvoo and let the name of Zarahemla be named upon it.” “Revelation, circa Early March 1841 [D&C 125],” 16.
163. This could be “A C Elsworth” or “Benj Elsworth,” both listed in the 1840 United States Census as living in Township 67, Lee County, Iowa Territory. “United States Census, 1840,” Iowa Territory, Lee County, Township 67, images 5 and 7. On June 5, 1841, in the Record of the Proceedings of the Lesser Priesthood in the Territory of Iowa, Benjamin Ellsworth was accepted as a deacon into the quorum. See p. 461 herein.



