1. Albert Hourani, “How Should We Write the History of the Middle East?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 23 (May 1991): 126.

2. Anonymous scholar quoted in Philippa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (Brooklyn: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992), 27.

3. John Williams, quoted in introduction to part 5 of Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change, ed. Elizabeth Warnock Fernea (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984), 215.

4. Halim Barakat, The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 131.

5. Maxine D. Molyneux, “Legal Reform and Socialist Revolution in South Yemen: Women and the Family,” in Promissory Notes: Women in the Transition to Socialism, ed. Sonia Kruks, Rayna Rapp, and Marilyn B. Young (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1989), 201.

6. Halim Barakat, “The Arab Family and the Challenge of Social Transformation,” in Women and the Family in the Middle East, 28.

7. Strum, Women Are Marching, 33.

8. J. N. D. Anderson, “The Islamic Law of Marriage and Divorce,” in Readings in Arab Middle Eastern Societies and Culture, ed. Abdulla M. Lutfiyya and Charles W. Churchill (The Netherlands: Mouton, 1970), 429–504.

9. Judith E. Tucker, “Ties That Bound: Women and Family in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Nablus,” in Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender, ed. Nikki R. Keddie and Beth Baron (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 235–36.

10. All averages reported in our study are means.

11. Edwin Prothro and Lutfy Najib Diab, Changing Family Patterns in the Arab East (Beirut, Lebanon: American University of Beirut, 1974), 46–47.

12. Ibrahim Ata, The West Bank Palestinian Family (London: KPI Limited, 1986), 50.

13. Prothro and Diab, Changing Family Patterns, 31.

14. Ata, West Bank Family, 50.

15. Joseph Ginat, Women in Muslim Rural Society: Status and Role in Family and Community (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1982), 77.

16. Ata, West Bank Family, 61.

17. Ata, West Bank Family, 62.

18. Prothro and Diab, Changing Family Patterns, 79.

19. Nahla Abdo-Zubi, Family, Women and Social Change in the Middle East: The Palestinian Case (Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 1987), 29.

20. D. F. Beck, “The Changing Moslem Family of the Middle East,” in Readings in Arab Middle Eastern Societies and Cultures, 567–77.

21. Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, “Women and Modernization: A Reevaluation,” in Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1996), 51.

22. Samira Haj, “Palestinian Women and Patriarchal Relations,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 17, no. 4 (1992): 763.

23. D. I. Jarrah, “Palestinian Women: The Status and Roles of Palestinian Women in the West Bank” (Ph.D. dissertation, Golden Gate University, 1990).

24. Madiha El Safty, “Use and Organization of Domestic Space in the Arab World,” International Journal of Sociology of the Family 11 (July–December 1981): 179.

25. Yvonne Haddad, “Palestinian Women: Patterns of Legitimation and Domination,” in The Sociology of the Palestinians, ed. Khalil Nakhleh and Elia Zureik (New York: St. Martin’s, 1980), 148.

26. Susan Rockwell, “Palestinian Women Workers in the Israeli-Occupied Gaza Strip,” Journal of Palestine Studies 14, no. 2 (winter 1985): 122.

27. Ata, West Bank Family, 77.

28. Ata, West Bank Family, 77.

29. Ata, West Bank Family, 77.

30. Ata, West Bank Family, 42.

31. Ata, West Bank Family, 47.

32. Mariam Mahmood Mar’i, “Sex Role Perceptions of Palestinian Males and Females in Israel” (Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1983), 15.

33. Kitty Warnock, Land before Honour: Palestinian Women in the Occupied Territories (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990), 54–55.

34. Rosemary Sayigh, introduction to Portraits of Palestinian Women, by Orayb Aref Najjar (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992), 22.

35. Sayigh, introduction, 22.

36. Elizabeth Warnock Fernea, In Search of Islamic Feminism (New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell, 1998), 360.

37. Susan Rockwell, “Palestinian Women Workers in the Gaza Strip,” in Haves and Have-nots: An International Reader on Social Inequality, ed. James Curtis and Lorne Tepperman (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1994), 54.

38. Fernea, In Search of Islamic Feminism, 416.

39. Debra Renee Kaufman, Rachel’s Daughters: Newly Orthodox Jewish Women (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993), 11, 66; Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, “Women, Culture, and Society: A Theoretical Overview,” in Women, Culture, and Society, ed. Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974), 20–21.

40. Tamar Rapoport, Edna Lomski-Feder, and Mohammed Masalha, “Female Subordination in the Arab-Israeli Community: The Adolescent Perspective of ‘Social Veil,’” Sex Roles, 20, nos. 5–6 (1989): 266–67.

41. Rapoport, Lomski-Feder, and Masalha, “Female Subordination,” 259.

42. Leila Hudson, “Coming of Age in Occupied Palestine: Engendering the Intifada,” in Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition, Identity, and Power, ed. Fatima Müge Göçek and Shiva Balaghi (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 128.

Camille Fronk

BYU Studies Publications