1. J. J. Tobias, Urban Crime in Victorian England (New York: Schocken Books, 1972), 157, 166.

2. The report is summarized briefly in F. Roy Willis, Western Civilization: An Urban Perspective, 2 vols. (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1973), 2:672.

3. Francois Vigier, Change and Apathy: Liverpool and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), 129, 134.

4. Leon Faucher, Manchester in 1844: Its Present Condition and Future Prospects (1844; reprint, London: Frank Cass and Co., 1969), 18. Faucher’s visit may have been hasty and his information secondhand, but he is insightful. The editorial comments, which were designed to be a corrective by the local translator, are frequently even more useful and add to the contemporary assessment of Manchester rather than detract. It must be kept in mind that this was the same Manchester that motivated Engels to write.

5. Ibid., 141, 147. Editorial silence on the main points while haggling over weekly average earnings and pawn tickets supports the dangerous situation in which Manchester found itself during these years.

6. Asa Briggs, The Making of Modern England, 1783–1867: The Age of Improvement (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 295.

7. Faucher, Manchester in 1844, 22–23.

8. Ibid., 25.

9. Joseph Smith Collection, Letters, incoming, 1832–44, Library-Archives, Historical Department, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City.

David H. Pratt

BYU Studies Publications