1. Ebenezer Russel Young, from New Jersey, was apparently no relative of Brigham Young. He came to Utah with his family prior to 1859 and then returned east with special communications for Thomas L. Kane and others. He then headed west with an immigrant company (Frank Esshom, Pioneers and Prominent Men of Utah [Salt Lake City; Utah Pioneers Book Publishing Co., 1913], 1270). The Journal History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints on 27 October 1859 records: “Bro. E. R. Young’s company arrived from the States. They left on the 25th of August. This is the last company which will arrive this season.” (See also Thomas L. Kane to Brigham Young, 24 July 1859, Brigham Young Incoming Correspondence, reel 71, box 40, folder 8, Library Archives, Historical Department, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City; hereafter cited as LDS Church Archives.)

2. Brigham Young’s concern about the security of transmitting information by mail stems from charges before and during the Utah War that the Mormons were intercepting and censoring mail and the non-Mormon officials were doing the same. There seems to be substance to the charges because when George Q. Cannon visited Thomas L. Kane, the Mormons’ friend and special contact with the Buchanan administration, Kane expressed his pleasure at personal contact with a Brigham Young emissary, thus escaping the “prying post office” (Kane to Young, 25 April 1860, Brigham Young Incoming Correspondence, reel 71, box 40, folder 9). This is not the only instance of Kane’s expressed concern about information being intercepted in the mails. He wrote, “I write as much as I am willing to entrust to the care of the U.S. mail” (Kane to Young, 15 August 1860, ibid.)

3. The best single treatment of the Army’s coming to and being settled in Utah is Norman Furniss, The Mormon Conflict, 1850–1859 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1960). However, Leonard J. Arrington has provided the best evaluation of the Army’s economic impact upon Utah in his Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter day Saints, 1830–1900 (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1958), 196–99, and in an article he and Thomas G. Alexander wrote for the Utah Historical Quarterly 34 (Winter 1966): 3–21, entitled “Camp in the Sagebrush: Camp Floyd, Utah, 1858–1861.” Arrington treats another aspect of Utah economics of this period in “Mormon Finance and the Utah War,” Utah Historical Quarterly 20 (July 1952): 219–37.

4. The problems the Utahns had with the newly appointed federal officers have been dealt with in Furniss, Mormon Conflict; in Gustive O. Larson, The “Americanization” of Utah for Statehood (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1971); and in Everett L. Cooley, “Carpetbag Rule: Territorial Government in Utah,” Utah Historical Quarterly 26 (1958): 106–29. In the latter article (p. 115), note especially the exchange of views between Governor Alfred E. Cumming and Daniel H. Wells concerning the irregularities in the acts of the territorial legislature. Andrew Love Neff’s History of Utah, 1847 to 1869 (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1940) goes into great detail on the subject of Utah federal relations. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 1846–1912, a Territorial History (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1966), also has a good account of Utah federal relations of this period.

5. The Incoming Correspondence of Brigham Young contains the letter of W. Beach, M.D., dated 24 June 1859. One paragraph sufficed to attract the attention of Brigham Young. It reads: “My principal object in writing to you now is to ask if you would like to have a copy of my Medical work on The Defence[?] or Botanic Practice of Medicine believing as you do that the gift of Healing is ever in the true Church. This gift has been committed to me as you will see by reading my works and more especially by following the principles therein laid down or recommended” (Brigham Young Incoming Correspondence, reel 51, box 25, folder 23).

6. “Our Friend” is, of course, Thomas L. Kane of Philadelphia, who befriended and defended the Mormons as early as 1846. He was the one who brought the opposing sides together for a peaceful settlement of the Utah War. Kane had a personal “in” with President James Buchanan and members of his cabinet. Both George Q. Cannon and Kane himself use the expression “your old friend” in communications with Brigham Young. The exchange of letters during this period between Brigham Young and Thomas Kane proves most valuable to understand the efforts to smooth relations between the Mormons and the Buchanan administration, which had dispatched troops to Utah in 1857 (see Brigham Young Incoming Correspondence, especially reel 71, box 40, folders 8 and 9). Kane relates that Buchanan “privately rebuked [General Albert S. Johnston] severely, and [he] would not make such another blunder [to support Judge John Cradlebaugh’s attack against the Mormons] in a hurry.” Kane also defended Superintendent of Indian Affairs Jacob Forney and Alexander Wilson, territorial attorney, as being friendly to the Mormons. Furthermore, Kane shed some light on the character of Governor Alfred E. Cumming by indicating that Cumming was given to excessive drinking (Kane to Young, 24 July 1859). In this same letter a point of interest is Kane’s request of Brigham Young for a full and confidential account of the Mountain Meadows massacre to be addressed to him thus: “my dear Colonel Kane: The truth of the whole matter about the massacre at the Meadows was——.” Brigham Young’s account is not presently located in his correspondence to Thomas Kane for this period. Kane wanted Brigham Young’s version to present to United States Attorney General Jeremiah Black to be used “for good purposes.”

7. Parley P. Pratt was killed in Arkansas on 13 May 1857 by Hector H. McLean, whose wife had left him and become a polygamous wife of Elder Pratt. This event is well covered in Steven Pratt, “Eleanor McLean and the Murder of Parley P. Pratt,” BYU Studies 15 (Winter 1975): 225–56. The Journal History under date of 23 October 1859 gives the following account of the “electing” of George Q. Cannon to the Apostleship. After some discussion of possible candidates to fill the vacancy, Orson Hyde proposed “that the Presidency nominate and that we sustain their nomination.” Whereupon Brigham Young agreed to such action if he had the unanimous vote of the Council. He was given his requested support:

Prest. Young - I nominate George Q Cannon for one of the Twelve, and Jacob Gates for one of the Presidency of Seventies. Amen, amen, responded by several.
If you all feel that it is right for George Q Cannon to fill the vacancy in the Twelve, signify it by uplifted hands. Unanimous Vote.
If you all feel that it is right for Jacob Gates to fill the vacancy in the Seventies, signify it by the same sign: Unanimous Vote. . . .
Geo. A. Smith suggested the publication of the appointments.
Prest. Young thought it not wisdom at present. Geo. Q. is known from St. Joseph to St. Louis and in the East in connection with our business and trading.

8. Jacob Gates, born in Vermont on 9 May 1811, was baptized into the LDS church in 1835 by Orson Pratt. He lived through the difficulties of Missouri in the 1830s and then became a resident of Nauvoo. He came to Utah in the fall of 1847 and was called as a missionary to England in 1849, where he remained for three years. Continuing to serve the Church in Utah, he was again called as a missionary in 1859. He returned to Utah in 1861 and was ordained as one of the First Council of Seventy in 1862. He held several elected and appointive political offices including that of representative to the territorial legislature for Washington and Kane counties. He was the father of Jacob F. Gates, who in 1880 married Susa Young, daughter of Brigham Young and Lucy Bigelow (Andrew Jenson, LDS Biographical Encyclopedia [Salt Lake City: Published by Author, 1901], 1:197–98, 2:625–26).

Benjamin L. Clapp was born in Alabama in 1814. An early pioneer to Utah, he served on the first city council of Salt Lake City and also served as one of the LDS Seven Presidents of the Seventies from 1845 to 1859, when he was excommunicated from the LDS church as he encountered difficulties with Bishop Warren S. Snow in Sanpete County (ibid., 1:195).

9. George Q. Cannon remained in New Jersey and Washington working with William H. Hooper (Utah delegate to Congress) and directing the affairs of the LDS church in the East. When he returned to Utah in August 1860, he was officially ordained an Apostle (Jenson, LDS Biographical Encyclopedia, 1:42–51; B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church [reprint, Provo: Brigham Young Univ. Press, 1965], 4:501–2). Apparently it was at this time that his position was first publicized.

Upon the receipt of Brigham Young’s letter notifying him of his selection as an Apostle, George Q. Cannon responded: “I know that I scarcely need say to you how peculiar my feelings were on reading in your letter of my appointment to fill the vacancy in the quorum of the Twelve, occasioned by the death of Bro. Parley. You know, I am sure, much better what they were and are than I can write them. I had to steal aside to give vent to my feelings and hide the tremor that shook my frame. I trembled with fear and dread, and yet I was filled with joy—fear and dread when I reflected on my weakness and unworthiness and the great responsibility that rested upon one holding the apostleship, and joy to think of the goodness and favor of the Lord and the love and confidence of my brethren. Never shall I forget, I trust, the feelings and desires I then had. May the Lord give me grace and strength to magnify this Holy Priesthood and calling to the glory of His name and the salvation of His Israel, is my earnest prayer” (George Q. Cannon to Brigham Young, 13 Dec. 1859, Brigham Young Incoming Correspondence, reel 68, box 38, folder 5).

10. William H. Hooper was Utah’s second delegate to Congress, elected on 4 March 1859 to succeed Dr. John M. Bernhisel, who had served in Washington since 1851. Hooper was born in Eastern Shore, Maryland, 25 December 1813. He became a successful merchant and a steamboat captain before he came to Utah in 1850. Prior to his election to Congress, he served in the Utah legislature and as secretary of Utah Territory. Hooper served one term in Congress, 1859–61, and was then replaced by Bernhisel. However, Hooper was again elected as delegate to Congress from Utah in 1869 and served until replaced by George Q. Cannon in March 1873. In Utah in 1868, Hooper was one of the organizers of Zion’s Cooperative Mercantile Institution and one of the founders of the Bank of Deseret. He remained president of the bank until his death 30 December 1882. (For an account of Hooper, see Stanford Orson Cazier, “The Life of William Henry Hooper, Merchant, Statesman” [Master’s thesis, Univ. of Utah, 1956].)

Andrew J. Moffitt apparently accompanied William Hooper to Washington when Hooper was elected to office in 1859. Moffitt served as a courier and captain of an overland freighting company. He later became bishop of Manti in Sanpete County.

Everett L. Cooley

BYU Studies Publications