1. “The W. C. T. U. in Paris,” Olean Weekly Democrat, August 8, 1889; Wichita Eagle, August 25, 1889, 12.

2. Belva A. Lockwood, “My Efforts to Become a Lawyer,” Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine 41, no. 2 (February 1888): 215.

3. Jill Norgren, Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President (New York: New York University Press, 2007), xiv.

4. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, foreword to Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, ix, xi.

5. George Q. Cannon, in Journal of Discourses, 26 vols. (Liverpool: F. D. Richards, 1855–86), 20:275–76 (July 20, 1879).

6. Julia Hull Winner and Belva Lockwood, “Belva A. Lockwood—That Extraordinary Woman,” New York History 39, no. 4 (October 1958): 325–26.

7. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 7, 9.

8. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 11–13.

9. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 17–18.

10. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 23–26; Jill Norgren, Belva Lockwood: Equal Rights Pioneer (Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2009), 44.

11. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 40–41.

12. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 41–42.

13. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 43.

14. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 44.

15. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 49.

16. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 50–51. In Belva’s typical fashion, she preferred to bury the hatchet rather than carry a grudge, and when the speaker fell ill for the 1874 commencement at Columbian Law School (the first school to reject her as a student), Belva took the opportunity to fill in and was reported as one of the “lights of the law” to “grace the occasion.” See “Local Items,” The Capital, June 7, 1874, 1.

17. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 72.

18. Supreme Court of the United States, “Minutes,” November 6, 1876, quoted in Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 73.

19. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 75.

20. “Edmunds in the Senate,” Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, April 23, 1880, 2.

21. “Edmunds in the Senate,” 2.

22. 20 U.S. Stat. 292 (1897).

23. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Victory,” Washington Post, March 5, 1879, 1.

24. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Victory,” 1.

25. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Victory,” 1. Within the year, Belva returned to the Supreme Court to sponsor the admission of Samuel Lowry of Alabama, the first Southern Black man (and only the fourth Black man ever) to be admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court. See Winner and Lockwood, “Belva A. Lockwood—That Extraordinary Woman,” 334; “The Equality of To-Da,” Decatur Daily Republican, February 6, 1880, 1.

26. Belva A. Lockwood, “How I Ran for the Presidency,” National Magazine 17, no. 6 (March 1903): 732.

27. “A Women’s Candidate for President,” Evening Star, September 4, 1884, 1. From the start of her candidacy, Belva emphasized that she aimed to represent all Americans and that she had been nominated not by a women’s suffrage association but by the Equal Rights Party, which represented men as well as women. See “For Belva and Reform,” Evening Star, September 17, 1884, 1.

28. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 134.

29. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 135–40.

30. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Campaign Closed,” Evening Star, Nov. 5, 1884, 4. When the campaign ended, Belva boasted to reporters that she had made enough money to pay her expenses and still had $125 left over. She also continued to make money by giving lectures about her campaign experience. See “The World in Brief,” Daily Nevada State Journal, October 16, 1885, 1. “Belva Lockwood was not elected President, but she has made $2,000 lecturing on her failure.”

31. “For Belva and Reform,” 1.

32. Beverly Beeton, Women Vote in the West: The Woman Suffrage Movement, 1869–1896 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1986), 27.

33. Universal Peace Union, Bond of Peace (July 1870).

34. Kathryn L. MacKay, comp., “Chronology of Woman Suffrage in Utah,” in Battle for the Ballot: Essays on Woman Suffrage in Utah, 1870–1896, ed. Carol Cornwall Madsen (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1997), 313; Beeton, Women Vote, 50.

35. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, eds., History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 3, 1876–1885 (Rochester: self-pub., 1886), 6, accessed on May 21, 2020, at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28556/28556-h/28556-h.htm.

36. “A Delegation from Utah,” Evening Star, January 28, 1876, 1.

37. “The Suffrage Movement,” National Republican, January 29, 1876, 1.

38. “The Suffrage Movement,” 1.

39. “From Washington,” Women’s Words: An Original Review of What the Sex Is Doing 2 (February 1878): 170; “Latest News,” Chester Daily Times, January 21, 1879, 1; “American,” Deseret News [weekly], January 22, 1879, 810; Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 117; Emmeline B. Wells Diary, January 10–12, 1879, 5:26, Digital Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

40. Norgren, Woman Who Would Be President, 117; Carol Cornwall Madsen, An Advocate for Women: The Public Life of Emmeline B. Wells, 1870–1920 (Provo: Brigham Young University Press; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 157.

41. “National Woman Suffrage Association,” Evening Star, January 9, 1879, 4.

42. Madsen, Advocate for Women, 163.

43. Lola Van Wagenen, “Sister-Wives and Suffragists” (PhD diss., New York University, 1996), 314; published as Lola Van Wagenen, Sister Wives and Suffragists: Polygamy and the Politics of Woman Suffrage, 1870–1896 (Provo, Utah: Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History and BYU Studies, 2003).

44. “History of the Mormon Church,” Americana, vol. 10 (National Americana Society, 1915), 227 n 37½. See “The Mormon Question,” Deseret Evening News, March 29, 1884, 3.

45. Romania B. Pratt, “Woman’s Suffrage Convention,” Women’s Exponent 10, no. 19 (March 1, 1882): 146.

46. Edwin Brown Firmage and Richard Collin Mangrum, Zion in the Courts: A Legal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 227; United States Utah Commission, Report of the Utah Commission to the Secretary of the Interior (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1889), 25–27.

47. George Q. Cannon, Utah Delegate, to John Taylor, President, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, January 14, 1882. John Taylor Presidential Papers, Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City..

48. Beeton, Women Vote, 68.

49. “Mr. Cassidy and the Women,” Ogden Daily Herald, January 8, 1883, 2.

50. Belva A. Lockwood, “The Disfranchisement of the Women of Utah,” Ogden Daily Herald, June 9, 1883, 1; also in Women’s Exponent 12, no. 2 (June 15, 1883): 12.

51. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

52. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

53. “The Utah Commission Nominated” and “The Utah Commission,” Weekly Nevada State Journal, June 24, 1882, 1.

54. Beeton, Women Vote, 68.

55. “After Fat Places,” Weekly Nevada State Journal, June 17, 1882, 1.

56. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

57. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

58. Congressional Record 13:1211 (1882), cited in Firmage and Mangrum, Zion in the Courts, 163.

59. Firmage and Mangrum, Zion in the Courts, 231.

60. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

61. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

62. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

63. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

64. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

65. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

66. Cannon to Taylor, January 30, 1883, John Taylor Presidential Papers, Church History Library.

67. Lockwood, “Disfranchisement,” 1.

68. “Quarterly Conference,” Woman’s Exponent 12, no. 2 (June 15, 1883): 12–14.

69. “Quarterly Conference,” 14.

70. “Quarterly Conference,” 14.

71. “The Mormon Question,” Deseret Evening News, March 29, 1884, 3.

72. “Mormon Question,” 3.

73. Joan Smyth Iversen, The Antipolygamy Controversy in U.S. Women’s Movements, 1880–1925: A Debate on the American Home (New York: Garland Publishing, 1997), 166.

74. Franklin D. Richards, Journal, February 9, 1884, Church History Library.

75. Richards, Journal, February 18, 1884.

76. Richards, Journal, February 27, 1884.

77. “Mormon Question,” 3.

78. “Mormon Question,” 3.

79. Beeton, Women Vote, 70.

80. Beeton, Women Vote, 70.

81. Belva A. Lockwood, “Mrs. Lockwood’s Speeches,” Woman’s Exponent 12, no. 21 (April 1, 1884): 164.

82. “The Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” Deseret News, March 26, 1884, 11.

83. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

84. Firmage and Mangrum, Zion in the Courts, 169.

85. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

86. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

87. Firmage and Mangrum, Zion in the Courts, 189.

88. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

89. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

90. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

91. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

92. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

93. Lockwood, “Mrs. Lockwood’s Speeches,” 164.

94. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

95. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

96. Van Wagenen, Sister-Wives, 381.

97. See Iversen, Antipolygamy Controversy, 166–68.

98. “Washington Convention: N.W.S.A.,” Woman’s Exponent 12, no. 20 (March 15, 1884): 156.

99. “Cullom, Hoar and Cassidy Bills,” 11.

100. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Visit,” Woman’s Exponent 14, no. 4 (July 15, 1885): 29.

101. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Visit,” 29.

102. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Visit,” 29.

103. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Visit,” 29.

104. “Mrs. Lockwood Is Coming,” Woman’s Exponent 14, no. 3 (July 1, 1885): 21.

105. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Visit,” 29.

106. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Lecture,” Salt Lake Herald–Republican, July 7, 1885, 8.

107. “Belva Lockwood,” Salt Lake Tribune, July 7, 1885, 4.

108. “Belva Lockwood,” Salt Lake Tribune, July 7, 1885, 4.

109. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Lecture,” Salt Lake Herald, July 7, 1885, 8.

110. “Belva Lockwood’s Lecture,” Salt Lake Tribune, July 11, 1885, 4.

111. “Belva Lockwood’s Lecture,” Salt Lake Tribune, July 11, 1885, 4.

112. “Mrs. Lockwood’s Visit,” 29.

113. Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints (Knopf, 1979), 164–70.

114. Belva A. Lockwood to Pres. Grover Cleveland, July 23, 1885, 2, Department of the Interior, Territorial Papers of Utah, partial rough draft in John T. Caine Papers, Utah Historical Society, Salt Lake City.

115. Lockwood to Cleveland, July 23, 1885, 3.

116. Lockwood to Cleveland, July 23, 1885, 4.

117. Lockwood to Cleveland, July 23, 1885, 6.

118. Lockwood to Cleveland, July 23, 1885, 6–7.

119. Lockwood to Cleveland, July 23, 1885, 8.

120. Belva A. Lockwood to John T. Caine, July 23, 1885, John T. Caine Papers.

121. Belva A. Lockwood to John T. Caine, February 14, 1886, John T. Caine Papers.

122. Lockwood to Caine, February 14, 1886.

123. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the Forty-ninth Congress, First Session (Government Printing Office, 1886), 17:3260; “Report of Executive Sessions of the National Convention,” Woman’s Tribune 3, no. 6 (Apr 1886): 2.

124. Lockwood to Caine, February 14, 1886.

125. Lockwood to Caine, February 14, 1886.

126. “Mormon” Women’s Protest: An Appeal for Freedom, Justice And Equal Rights; the Ladies of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Protest against the Tyranny and Indecency of Federal Officials in Utah, and against Their Own Disfranchisement without Cause; Full Account of Proceedings at the Great Mass Meeting, Held in the Theatre; Salt Lake City Utah; Saturday, March 6, 1886 (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Co., 1886), 19. See also Jill Mulvay Derr and others, eds., The First Fifty Years Of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women’s History (Salt Lake City: Church Historian’s Press, 2016), 524.

127. “Mormon” Women’s Protest, iii.

128. “Mormon” Women’s Protest, 29.

129. John W. Young to Wilford Woodruff, George Q. Cannon, and Joseph Fielding Smith, August 20, 1887, John W. Young Papers, Church History Library.

130. Belva A. Lockwood to John W. Young, September 6, 1887, John W. Young Papers.

131. Belva A. Lockwood to John W. Young, September 26, 1887. John W. Young Papers.

132. Belva A. Lockwood to John W. Young, September 9, 1887. John W. Young Papers.

133. “Belva A. Lockwood Has a Good Word for the ‘Mormons,’” Deseret Evening News, February 21, 1888, 2.

134. “Lockwood Has a Good Word for the ‘Mormons,’” 2.

135. “Lockwood Has a Good Word for the ‘Mormons,’” 2.

136. Franklin S. Richards to Wilford Woodruff and George Q. Cannon, February 28, 1888, Franklin S. Richards Correspondence, Utah State Historical Society.

137. Richards to Woodruff and Cannon, February 28, 1888.

138. Atchison Daily Globe, February 4, 1888, 5; Cherryvale Globe and Torch, February 10, 1888, 1; Brenham Weekly Banner, February 16, 1888, 1.

139. Richards to Woodruff and Cannon, February 28, 1888.

Melinda Evans

BYU Studies Publications