1. Fields from compilation of S. Klein, Y. Lahaye, G. P. Brey, and H. M. von Kachel, “The Early Roman Imperal AES Coinage II: Tracing the Copper Sources by Analysis of Lead and Copper Isotopes—Copper Coins of Augustus and Tiberius,” Archaeometry 46 (August 2004): 469–80.

2. Klein and others, “Early Roman Imperial AES Coinage II,” 469–80.

3. Klein and others, “Early Roman Imperial AES Coinage II,” 469–80.

4. Henry Lie and Carol C. Mattusch, “Introduction to the Catalogue Entries and Technical Observations,” in Fire of Hephaistos: Large Classical Bronzes from North American Collections by Carol C. Mattusch (Cambridge: Harvard University Art Museums, 1996), 162–78.

5. S. Siano, L. Bartoli, J. R. Santisteban, W. Kockelmann, M. R. Daymond, M. Miccio, and G. De Marinis, “Non-destructive Investigation of Bronze Artefacts from the Marches National Museum of Archaeology Using Neutron Diffraction,” Archaeometry 48 (February 2006): 86–87.

6. Pliny, Natural History, trans. H. Rackham, 10 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938–63), vol. 9, bk. 34, ch. 20, pp. 197, 199, 201. Footnotes (198, 199a) to the term “silver-lead” indicates that it is actually not a true mixture of silver and lead, but instead is tin and lead in equal proportions.

7. Lie and Mattusch, “Introduction to the Catalogue Entries,” 162–78; Siano and others, “Non-destructive Investigation of Bronze Artefacts,” 77–96.

8. Such lines were used by Klein and others, “Early Roman Imperial AES Coinage II,” 469–80.

9. Klein and others, “Early Roman Imperial AES Coinage II,” 477–79.

10. Pliny, Natural History, bk. 34, ch. 20, pp. 198–199.

11. O. Louis Mazzatenta, “The Brindisi Bronzes: Classical Castoffs Reclaimed from the Sea,” National Geographic 187, no. 4 (April 1995): 90.

Michael J. Dorais

BYU Studies Publications