1. See Gordon Jackson, “The Ports,” in Transport in Victorian Britain, ed. Michael J. Freeman and Derek H. Aldcroft (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 218–52. The city of Hull is officially styled Kingston upon Hull, which is derived from the fact that Hull was founded by King Edward I and was situated upon the River Hull.

2. Most of the Scandinavian converts embarked from Copenhagen, headquarters of the Scandinavian Mission. This information has been culled from the Mormon Immigration Index CD (Salt Lake City: Family History Department of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2000); British and Scandinavian Mission Records; and Customs Bills of Entry in the City of Hull, England. For information concerning vessels carrying Mormon Scandinavian converts from Copenhagen, see Shauna C. Anderson, Ruth Ellen Maness, and Susan Easton Black, Passport to Paradise: The Copenhagen “Mormon” Lists, 2 vols. (West Jordan, Utah: Genealogical Services, 2000), vols. 1–2, covering the years 1872–94.

3. The gathering from distant lands did not commence until the necessary priesthood keys of the gathering were restored in 1836 (D&C 110:11). The following year, Apostle Heber C. Kimball was called by Joseph Smith to lead a mission to England. Accompanied by Apostle Orson Hyde, Elder Kimball led a small group of missionaries who found great success in the British Isles. They had been warned by Joseph to “remain silent concerning the gathering . . . until such time as the work was fully established, and it should be clearly made manifest by the Spirit to do otherwise.” See Joseph Smith Jr., History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ed. B. H. Roberts, 2d ed. rev., 7 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1971), 2:492. Their groundbreaking work was greatly augmented by the mission of the Twelve in 1840–41. For excellent information on these early missions, see James B. Allen, Ronald K. Esplin, and David J. Whittaker, Men with a Mission, 1837–1841: The Quorum of the Twelve in the British Isles (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992); and James B. Allen and Malcom R. Thorp, “The Mission of the Twelve to England, 1840–1841: Mormon Apostles and the Working Classes,” BYU Studies 15, no. 4 (1975): 499–526.

4. Andrew Jenson, Encyclopedic History of the Church (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Publishing, 1941), 346, notes: “The Hull Conference, or District, of the British Mission, dates back to 1843 and continued under that name until 1868, when it became a part of the Leeds Conference. When the Grimsby Conference was organized in 1900 the branches formerly belonging to the Hull Conference constituted this new conference which continued until 1910, when the Grimsby Conference became the Hull Conference, consisting of the Latter-day Saints residing in the city of Hull and vicinity in Yorkshire, England with headquarters at Hull.” See also Jack Spurr, ed., A History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Hull Area, 1844–1973 (Hull, England: By the editor, 1973). The Hull Conference and its local branch in Hull developed in a region that had experienced the large-scale growth of nonconformist religious groups during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. By 1851, membership and attendance at nonconformist churches, chapels, and mission halls in this important maritime center had eclipsed that of England’s state church, the Church of England. See David Neave, Lost Churches and Chapels of Hull (n.p.: Hutton Press, Cherry Burton, 1991), 7.

5. James Ure and Charles Barnes, “Conference Minutes. Hull,” Millennial Star 10 (May 1, 1848): 134.

6. Orson Pratt, “Conference Minutes. General Conference,” Millennial Star 10 (August 15, 1848): 252, reported that by August 14, 1848, the Hull Conference had 7 branches and 163 members, including 11 elders, 10 priests, 6 teachers, and 5 deacons. These statistics were also quoted in “The Latter-day Saints,” Hull Advertiser, September 29, 1848, 5, which also noted they held their meeting in the Temperance Hall, Paragon Street.

7. Spurr, Latter-day Saints in the Hull Area, 2.

8. Ure and Barnes, “Conference Minutes. Hull,” 134, noted that a conference was held in Hull on December 26, 1847, in the “Temperance-Hall on Blanket-row.” At this conference, a representation of the branches was called for which included the Louth Branch among several others. It said the “Louth Branch, [was] represented by letter, [and consisted] of 36 members, including 3 elders, 3 priests, 1 teacher, and 1 deacon.”

9. They traveled by the East Lincolnshire Railway from Louth to Grimsby before joining the train of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway from Grimsby to New Holland (on the south bank of the River Humber). At New Holland, they boarded a steam packet belonging to the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire and sailed to nearby Hull. This group of Saints from Lincolnshire sailed across the Atlantic on the Zetland. See Conway B. Sonne, Saints on the Seas: A Maritime History of Mormon Migration, 1830–1890 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1983), 149. For first-person accounts of this voyage, see the winter voyage of the Zetland on the Mormon Immigration Index CD.

10. “Autobiography of Thomas Atkin Jr.,” typescript, 4, Church Archives, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City. Other converts from Hull and the British Isles gathered to Zion for spiritual as well as temporal reasons. Letters posted in Hull’s local newspaper created an additional stir about immigration to Utah. For example, in an article titled “The Great Salt Lake Valley,” Hull Advertiser, July 26, 1850, 7, the editor posted a letter composed by a British convert who, on his way to Utah, had written to his brother, a tradesman in Hull. Among other things, the convert reported that the Salt Lake Valley had been said to be “the most healthy climate in the world, the country most beautiful, and that that people will eventually be the richest on earth.” A few years later, a Latter-day Saint convert from Hull named Mr. Wm. Brown wrote in an article titled “Letter from a Hull Mormon in America,” Hull Advertiser, December 6, 1856, 1, the following description of Springville, Utah: “I enjoy the best kind of health here amongst the mountains. I am quite happy, and rejoice in God that ever I was led to hear the Latter Day Saints preach the Gospel, and that I left England to travel to this place. . . . We are living in the last days. . . . I should impress upon your mind the necessity of obeying the gospel that is taught by the Mormons.”

11. Phillip A. M. Taylor, Expectations Westward: The Mormons and the Emigration of Their British Converts in the Nineteenth Century (Edinburgh, Scotland: Oliver and Boyd, 1965), 248–49, shows that for the period 1863 to 1870, British Mormon emigrants from the Hull Conference numbered only 94 (out of a periodic total of 10,742 emigrants from all conferences in England). For the earlier and later periods of British Mormon emigration (1850–62 and 1874–90), the number of emigrants from the Hull Conference had been included in either the figures for Mormon Emigration from Yorkshire (1,203 out of 12,618 total English Latter-day Saint emigrants between 1850 and 1862) or from the Leeds Conference (474 out of 11,168 between 1874 and 1890).

12. Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1890 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958), 64. To help assist the poor international Saints who desired to emigrate, Church leaders created a revolving fund called the Perpetual Emigrating Fund, which the Saints sustained in the October 1849 general conference held in Salt Lake City. John D. Unruh Jr., The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 303, states that over ten thousand gold seekers made a detour through Utah in 1849 and thousands more in the immediate years that followed. See Fred E. Woods, “More Precious than Gold: The Journey to and through Zion in 1849–1850,” Nauvoo Journal 11 (spring 1999): 109, for the story of Saints who gathered to Utah instead of the California gold fields.

13. Richard L. Jensen noted in his critique of an earlier version of this article that “while there may have been official tolerance on the part of the government, much of the Danish populace was far from tolerant where religion was concerned. Many Mormons were persecuted in Denmark despite the provisions of the constitution.” Jensen also emphasized that religious freedom was even more limited in Norway and Sweden. Richard L. Jensen, email to author, October 9, 2002.

14. Marius A. Christensen, “History of the Danish Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1850–1964” (master’s thesis, Brigham Young University, 1966), 6–8.

15. For a list of various places these missionaries were assigned, see Thomas Bullock, “Minutes of the General Conference, Held at the Great Salt Lake City,” Millennial Star 12 (May 1, 1850): 133.

16. Andrew Jenson, “The Gospel in Denmark,” Contributor 16 (November 1894): 45.

17. Elder Erastus Snow left Boston on April 4, arriving at Liverpool on April 16 on board the Niagara; Elder Peter O. Hansen arrived April 8; and John E. Forsgren arrived on April 19. Andrew Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1927), 3.

18. Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 3.

19. Gerald Myron Haslam, Clash of Cultures: The Norwegian Experience with Mormonism, 1842–1920 (New York: Peter Lang, 1984), 10; Jenson, “Gospel in Denmark,” 46; Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 4. According to Freebody’s Directory of Hull (Hull, England: J. Pulleyn, 1851), 87, the cost of travel on board the Victoria was “6 shillings 6 pence Best Cabin Fare and 4 shillings for second Cabin.” Latter-day Saint missionaries in Europe nearly always traveled second class, thus enjoying the privacy of their own cabin, while presidents of the European Mission traveled first class. Elder Erastus Snow and his companions were met at the docks of Copenhagen by Peter O. Hansen and taken to a very noisy local hotel. The next day they found better lodgings at the home of Mr. Lauritz B. Malling. On their third day, they visited the meeting of a reformed Baptist minister named Peter C. Mönster, who was initially warm to the elders and allowed them to preach to his congregation. Mönster’s attitude soon hardened when he realized they were going to decrease the numbers of his flock by preaching the word of the restored gospel and not that of the Baptist persuasion. Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 4–7.

20. Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 4–9.

21. Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 10.

22. William Mulder, Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1957; reprinted, Provo, Utah: BYU Studies, 2000), 107. For a general overview of the Scandinavian Mission, see Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission; and Christensen, “History of the Danish Mission.” For brief early histories of the restored Church in Sweden and Norway, see Andrew Jenson, “Scandinavian Reminiscences,” parts 2 and 5, Contributor 16 (March 1894): 94–100; (December 1894): 297–300. Mulder reports that a small fraction of the Scandinavian emigrants were Icelandic (p. 107). For a more extensive treatise of the Latter-day Saint Norwegian experience, see Haslam, Clash of Cultures. For an overview of the early history of the Church in Iceland, see Fred E. Woods, “Fire on Ice: The Conversion and Life of Gudmundur Gudmundsson,” BYU Studies 39, no. 2 (2000): 57–72; Fred E. Woods, “A Sesquicentennial Sketch of Latter-day Saint Icelandic Emigration and Conversion,” forthcoming in Regional Studies in Latter-day Saint Church History: Europe, ed. Donald Q. Cannon (Provo, Utah: Department of Church History and Doctrine, Brigham Young University, 2001).

23. William Mulder, “Mormons from Scandinavia, 1850–1900: A Shepherded Migration,” Pacific Historical Review 23 (1954): 237, notes that Scandinavian converts from Norway sometimes voyaged directly across the North Sea from Christiana or Stavenger to Liverpool, whereas the Swedes and especially the Danes came primarily through the port of Hull and secondarily through Grimsby. The Saints from Iceland were an exception, as evidence reveals that some voyaged from their homeland via Leith, Scotland, and others voyaged direct to Liverpool. See Woods, “Sesquicentennial Sketch,” 8.

24. Mulder, “Mormons from Scandinavia,” 237. According to the 1997–1998 Church Almanac (Deseret News: Salt Lake City, 1996), 162–63, during the years of embarkation from Hamburg (1862, 1865, and 1866), over three thousand Latter-day Saint converts voyaged on eight sailing vessels to gather to Zion. Mormon embarkation using the Morris Line’s sailing vessels from Hamburg was discontinued in 1866. The primary reason for this discontinuation stems from the fact that the following year, the Church decided to no longer send Latter-day Saint immigrants via sailing vessels. Commencing in 1867, all Mormon migrants were to be transported by steamers. It was also decided in this same year that Church teams would not be sent to the frontier. See “Church Emigration to Utah in 1867,” in “Church Emigration Book, 1862–1881,” Church Archives. Furthermore, Sonne, Saints on the Seas, 187, points out that in a letter to British Mission President Franklin D. Richards dated May 23, 1868, Brigham Young reaffirmed the decision to use steamships: “To enable our immigration to avail themselves of the healthiest portion or portions of the year . . . employ none but steamships.” Thus, the port of Hamburg seems to have been discontinued due to the decision to no longer use sailing vessels. Apparently it was advantageous to take the indirect route to Liverpool wherein different steam shipping lines were employed. Vessels from the port of Liverpool transporting passengers to New York were of a higher caliber than those provided by Morris and Company in Hamburg. Furthermore, vessels from Liverpool were filled with British and European Latter-day Saints, providing more bargaining power and enabling cheaper rates when the Church chartered transatlantic vessels. Finally, shipping was cheaper from Liverpool due to greater competition. Hundreds of Swiss-German Latter-day Saints migrated through Hull in the nineteenth century, representing a small portion of the total number of European converts. These migrants were similarly conveyed via Britain, essentially as their numbers were so insignificant that there was no fiscal advantage for the Swiss-German Mission to charter a transatlantic vessel for their sole use. For information on the Swiss-German emigrants, see Douglas D. Alder, “The German-Speaking Migration to Utah, 1850–1950” (master’s thesis, University of Utah, 1959). Migrants arriving via the Port of Grimsby, as well as those who had arrived at Hull and then traversed the River Humber to Grimsby, had the added advantage of staying in the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway Emigrants’ Home that opened in 1854 in a former dockside passenger station. The shelter provided a single mixed-sex dormitory-cum-dining room where the migrants slept overnight under the supervision of Isaac Freeman, the railway’s interpreter. From immediately outside this dockside shelter, migrants boarded the train that took them to Liverpool. Freeman and his wife provided a high level of service for migrants arriving at the port. In 1871, The Grimsby Observer noted, “Mr. Freeman, the port interpreter, who speaks several languages, is the manager of this important establishment, and it speaks well for its conduct that we have never heard a complaint against it, but very many instances of kindness, sympathy, and consideration for the strangers have reached us.” “The Emigrants Home,” Grimsby Observer, October 25, 1871, 4. For more information on the development by railway companies of facilities for emigrants, see Nicholas J. Evans, “A Roof over Their Heads: The Role of Shelters in Jewish Migration via the UK, 1850–1914,” in Shemot 9 (March 2001): 11–15.

25. Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 46–47, states that upon their arrival in Liverpool the Saints “were informed that they were too late to sail on the ‘Ellen Maria,’ . . . for that ship had just cleared port the same day.” Sonne, Saints on the Seas, 150, notes that the Ellen Maria departed from Liverpool on February 10, 1852, with 369 Latter-day Saint passengers on board.

26. Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 46–47; Sonne, Saints on the Seas, 150.

27. Taylor, Expectations Westward, 162. The transportation price of £1. 10.s 0d. is significantly more than a guinea. Gee and Company were a Hull-based shipping line that ran steamers between Hull and the continental ports of Antwerp, Copenhagen, Hamburg, and St. Petersburg. “Diary of Appleton Harmon,” 1850–52, typescript, 84, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, notes that on September 29, 1852, Harmon and a Brother Hardy made arrangements with the Gee and Company to bring Scandinavian converts from Copenhagen to Hull. Hardy forwarded the arrangements to a Brother Hasgreen in Copenhagen in which it was noted, “‘Emegrants from Copenhagah on the Steam ship Emperor-Deck or in the Hold of room’ £ 1..1..0.. or they would send a Steamer on purpose to fetch from 3 to 4 hundred for £ 1..10..0 per head.”

28. “Epistle of the Twelve,” Millennial Star 1 (April 1841): 311, states, “It is also a great savings to go in companies, instead of going individually. . . . [A] company can charter a vessel, so as to make the passage much cheaper than otherwise.”

29. Willard Snow, Journal, October 16, 1852, 101, Church Archives, states: “About the middle of Oct[ober] we received a proposition from Mr Morris + Co. from Liverpool through their agent, Mr Carl Rydhing in Copenhagen to the following effect that they would take Emigrants from Hamburgn to [New] Orleans via Hull & Liverpool on the following conditions: 2d Cabin 80 [rigsdaler,] 3d cabin 60 [rigsdaler,] & steerage 46 [rigsdaler] children between twelve and one 8 doll [dollars] less.” A week later (October 23, 1852), Snow wrote: “Held a conversation with Mr Morris in person who happened to be in the city & he made another proposition to take us for 52 rigsdaler from this city” to New Orleans. Three and a half weeks later, Snow wrote: “On the 16th closed the contract with Mr Morris & Co for to transport our emigration from Copenhagen by steam to Kiel by Railway from Kiel to Hamburgn and by steamer from Hamburgn to Hull and by Railway from Hull to Liverpool and by ss first rate sailing vessel from Liverpool to New Orleans for fifty two dollars a passenger children under twelve eight dollars less sucklings under one.”

30. Mulder, Homeward to Zion, 139–41, further notes that the Latter-day Saints used Morris and Company from 1852 to 1869. The Guion Line then became the preferred shipping company because of its superior steam vessels for which the sailing vessels provided by Morris and Company were no match.

31. Mulder, Homeward to Zion, 158.

32. Scandinavian Mission, “Manuscript History,” vol. 8 (1850–55), December 20, 1852, Church Archives, extracted this journal entry from the journal of Herman Julius Christensen, December 26, 1852. On the following day, this same passenger noted, “The captain, who had been a seafaring man for 25 years, declared that in all his previous voyages he had never experienced a worse storm.”

33. “Manuscript History of the John H. Forsgren Emigrating Company,” 1, Church Archives. The maritime safety record of the Latter-day Saint immigrants in the nineteenth century was most impressive. There were no known lives lost because of shipwreck across the North Sea or the Atlantic, and the only one known shipwreck occurred on the Pacific. This is in sharp contrast to the fact that at least fifty-nine immigrant ships were lost crossing the Atlantic between 1847 and 1853. See Sonne, Saints on the Seas, 138–39.

34. On Tuesday, December 31, 1852, the Hull Packet reported that “three hundred Mormons, from Norway and Denmark, arrived on the Lion, from Hamburg, on Tuesday night, and were forwarded by Mr. R. J. Cortis, the agent, to Liverpool, en route to New Orleans and the Salt Lake.” “Great Loss of Life,” Hull Advertiser, December 31, 1852, 5. The Master’s Declaration (return of aliens) for this first group of Saints recorded “two hundred and ninety nine passengers, emigrants on their way to America via Liverpool,” arrived on board the Lion, mastered by Mr. John Frederick Kruger at Hull from Hamburg, on December 28, 1852. “Return of Alien Passengers Made by Masters of Ships,” HO/3/67, Public Record Office, Kew, London. The Customs Bills of Entry, a document produced weekly that provided information for merchants interested in the commerce of the port, similarly noted that along with passengers, the Lion was laden with a cargo of metal, pork, wool, and linseed. Customs Bills of Entry, no. 12, January 1, 1853, Hull Central Library, Hull, England.

35. “Local Intelligence,” Hull Packet, December 31, 1852, 5. The pier has been referred to by numerous names during the past century. During the period in question, the pier was most frequently referred to as the “Humber Pier.” Richard Cortis was a one-man business who worked as an emigration agent. He worked alongside other agents who worked for various Atlantic lines—with each agent working exclusively for different Liverpool-based shipping lines. Information on Cortis can be found in various commercial directories for the port and town of Kingston upon Hull, Hull Central Library, Hull, England. For further information on the role of port-based emigration agents on the east coast of Britian, see Nicholas J. Evans, “Aliens En Route: European Migration through Britian, 1836–1914” (Ph.D. diss., University of Hull, forthcoming).

36. Hull had two railway stations. The first was situated at Wellington Street and opened in 1840. The second was at the end of Paragon Street and began operating in 1849. European migrants used only the Paragon Street terminus to Liverpool.

37. Sonne, Saints on the Seas, 150.

38. For analysis of the number of Saints migrating through Britain, see Evans, “Aliens En Route.” Details of the ports used by migrating Saints can be gleaned through the personal accounts of those Saints journeying to Zion. See the Mormon Immigration Index CD. As previously noted, the 1997–1998 Church Almanac, 162–63, indicates that over three thousand Mormon immigrants voyaged to America from Hamburg on eight vessels during the years 1862, 1865, and 1866.

39. Statistical analysis of immigration into America is provided by numerous scholars and their publications. E. A. Ross, The Old World in the New: The Significance of Past and Present Immigration to the American People (New York: Century, 1914), 307–10, states that the total number of immigrants for the period 1835–1914 was 30,245,034. British and Scandinavian Mission records reveal that over one hundred thousand European Mormon converts gathered to America from 1840–1914, of which at least one fourth were Scandinavians, while the majority were British.

40. Nicholas J. Evans, “Indirect Passage from Europe: Migration via the UK, 1836–1914,” Journal for Maritime Research (June 2001): 2.

41. For details of the vessels chartered for transatlantic travel during the period when Morris and Company enjoyed the “Mormon contract,” see the appendix of Sonne, Saints on the Seas. For details of the vessels used on the North Sea crossing, see the Mormon Immigration Index CD. This latter source also refers (along with Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission) to the problems encountered with vessels chartered to sail directly to America from the port of Hamburg. Comparative analysis of the time taken on the direct and indirect journeys from the European port of embaration to the American port of arrival are included in Evans, “Aliens En Route.” Thomas Wilson was a Hull-based merchant who had previously worked in the offices of Whitaker, Wilkinson and Company, Hull’s largest importer of Swedish iron ore, before setting up in partnership in 1822 as Beckinton, Wilson and Company. In 1831, he established his second company under the name of Wilson, Hudson and Company, and then, in 1841, he founded his own firm—Thomas Wilson, Sons and Company. The company was centered in the Scandinavian and North Sea trades and quickly expanded as trade along this route, coupled with the Swedish Royal Mail Contract, generated good financial returns for the company. Wilson managed the day-to-day operations himself until 1866, when the company became jointly managed by his sons, Charles Henry Wilson and Arthur Wilson. Under their direction, the company continued to expand and by 1903 included over one hundred vessels, making it the largest privately-owned shipping company in the world. See J. Harrower, Wilson Line (Gravesend, Kent, U.K.: World Ship Society, 1998); Arthur Credland, The Wilson Line (Stroud, G.B.: Tempus, 2000).

42. Sonne, Saints on the Seas, 118. Herein, Sonne further notes that the name of the first Guion vessel that transported the Latter-day Saint immigrants in 1867 was the Manhattan.

43. See Evans, “Aliens En Route.” Sonne, Saints on the Seas, 117, indicates that the Guion Line carried over forty thousand Latter-day Saint converts across the Atlantic, which amounted to about 98 percent of all Mormon emigrants who voyaged by steamship from Liverpool to New York. The Latter-day Saints used the Guion Line consistently from 1869 to 1894, at which time the company was liquidated. For more information on the Guion Line, see “Rise and Fall of the Guion Line,” Sea Breezes 19 (1955): 190–216. Anthon H. Lund, Journal, June 30, and July 2, 5–7, 1894, Church Archives, notes that arrangements were made by British Mission President Anthon L. Lund for the European converts to travel with the Anchor Line, based in Glasgow. Converts were thus rerouted through Glasgow before going on to New York. President Lund made these new arrangements known to President Sundwall of the Scandinavian Mission, President Naegle of the Swiss German Mission, and Church President Wilford Woodruff.

44. British Mission, “Manuscript History,” vol. 24 (1869–71), May 13, 1869, Church Archives.

45. British Mission, “Manuscript History,” June 1, 1869. However, the Guion Line did not provide food at Hull for their passengers as other shipping lines did. This is one way the Guion Line was able to cut the cost of the trip.

46. Perhaps, after the initial contract of 1869, both parties no longer felt a need for a written contract due to the relationship of trust that developed between the Guion agent George Ramsden and the Church. Praiseworthy remarks made by Anthon H. Lund at the time of Ramsden’s death are noted in “A Good Friend Gone,” Millennial Star 58 (June 4, 1896): 360–62. For an excellent discussion of the relationship between the Guion Line (especially their agent George Ramsden) and the Saints, see Richard L. Jensen, “Steaming Through: Arrangements for Mormon Emigration through Europe, 1869–1887,” Journal of Mormon History 9 (1982): 5–8. When the Guion Company was liquidated in 1894, Ramsden helped Lund with arrangements for the Saints to transfer their business to the Anchor Line, which ran its operations out of Glasgow. See British Mission, “Manuscript History,” 34 (1891–96), June 30, 1894. Although the Anchor Line is mentioned herein, not only for the date of June 30, but also for the dates of July 5–6, and September 20, 1894, it is most probable that it is rather the Allan Line that was the shipping company run from Glasgow at this time. This change rerouted the Mormon converts from the Scandinavian and Swiss-German Missions through the port of Leith to Glasgow, where they began the transatlantic voyage to New York.

47. In 1866 increasing alarm at the standard of accommodation provided for third-class or steerage passengers prompted the Hull Town Council to interview Charles Wilson, who was a member of Parliament representing Hull and the managing director of the Wilson Line. This action led to an improvement in the standard of accommodation provided for passengers carried by the Wilson Line but not by other European shipping operators. The condition of emigrants who arrived into Hull were reported in numerous reports by the Medical Officer of Health for the Hull Board of Health. The volume for 1866 can be found in Kingston upon Hull City Archives, Hull, England.

48. The 1881 British census documents that Maples was born in Thorne, a town thirty miles west of Hull. Since his wife and daughter were born in Australia, it can be assumed that Maples gained his knowledge of the emigration business through his own personal experiences in emigrating to Australia. Maples had returned to Hull during the early 1850s and established himself as an emigration agent working alongside Richard Cortis. Later, Cortis and Maples would combine their business, with Maples taking sole control upon the death of the former. 1881 British Census and National Index: England, Scotland, Wales, Channel Islands, Isle of Man, and Royal Navy, 24 CDs (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1999).

49. Latter-day Saint migrant Jesse N. Smith recalled, “Mr. Maples on behalf of the forwarding Company furnished a meal for the emigrants and sent all forward the same evening to Liverpool.” Jesse N. Smith, Autobiography and Journal, 1855–1906, July 15, 1870, 259, Church Archives. Another passing migrant noted, “Mr. Maples, the Guion Agt, came on board and got the list of Emigr[ants].” Hans Jorgenson, Reminiscences and Journal, 174, Church Archives. Apparently this line had many staff members who also provided excellent service. Another Guion agent who is praised in several Latter-day Saint immigrant accounts is a Mr. Gibson. See, for example, E. L. Sloan to President Geo. Teasdale, Millennial Star 51 (November 25, 1889): 749; George Romney Jr. to President George Teasdale, Millennial Star 51 (December 23, 1889): 811; L. F. Monch to President George Teasdale, Millennial Star 50 (December 24, 1888): 829. However, the agency was apparently not without some criticism by the British government. According to government inspector W. Cowie, while other Atlantic passenger lines provided temporary lodging and meals for passing emigrants at Hull, the Guion Line transferred its passengers directly to the rails “so that those people are the greater portion of the day without a meal.” See Reports Received by the Board of Trade and the Local Government Board Relating to the Transit of Scandinavian Emigrants through the Port of Hull, July 11, 1882, 9. Yet for those traveling to Utah, such speed was often welcomed, because it shortened the long journey.

50. P. O. Hansen to President F. D. Richards, Millennial Star 17 (February 3, 1855): 71.

51. Heinrich Hug, Journal, August 13, 1859, in possession of Kent Hug, translated from German by Brooks Haderlie. According to his journal entry, Hug arrived with a company of Swiss Latter-day Saint immigrants in Hull on August 13, 1859. Although Hansen and Hug are the only known European Saints to mention the reception provided by the Hull Saints, these local Saints were probably instrumental in assisting other Latter-day Saint companies who passed through.

52. Frederick Zaugg, Autobiography, 25, original in private possession.

53. Edward Gillett and Kenneth A. MacMahon, A History of Hull (Hull, England: University of Hull Press, 1989), 303.

54. Plans of the North Eastern Railway’s emigrant waiting room can be seen at the Hull City Archives (OBL/M/2585 and OBL/M/6328). The Pennines are a mountain chain known as the backbone of England because they are so hilly.

55. Hans Hoth, Diary, typescript, 3–4, December 27, 1853, translated from German holograph by Peter Gulbrandsen, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

56. Ove Christian Oveson, “Sketch of the Life of Ove Christian Oveson,” typescript, April 26, 1864, 22, Church Archives.

57. Joseph Hansen, Hansen Family History, December 1852, 7, Church Archives.

58. The British Mission became the administrative center for the Church in Europe commencing June 28, 1854, under the direction of Franklin D. Richards. Richards also served at this time as the president of the British Mission. Subsequent presidents of the British Mission also had stewardship over all other missions in Europe during their various terms of service.

59. Conway B. Sonne, “Liverpool and the Mormon Emigration,” paper presented at the Mormon History Association Conference in Liverpool, England, on July 10, 1987, 2–5. Note that the public houses were also known as “pubs.” These facilities were not hotels but were establishments licensed to sell alcoholic beverages. For more information on Liverpool and Mormon emigration, see Fred E. Woods, Gathering to Nauvoo (American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 2002), 42–51.

60. Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 533, provides statistical evidence that over twenty thousand Saints emigrated from the Scandinavian Mission between 1852 and 1894. As noted earlier, Mulder, Homeward to Zion, 107, maintains that 22,653 of the 46,497 Scandinavian converts immigrated to America between 1850 and 1905. These two estimates are less than the total of 24,431 Scandinavian migrants that we estimated. Our figure was based on several sources including the following: The Mormon Immigration Index CD; Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission; local Grimsby newspapers (1854–68); Grimsby Library Customs Bills of Entry in Hull, Hull Central Library Customs Bills of Entry (Hull), 1852–60; Hull City Archives Master’s Declaration, HO/3/1–120, Public Record Office, Kew, London.

61. Jane Charter Robinson Hindley, “Journals 1855–1905,” February 16, 1855, Church Archives.

Nicholas J. Evans

BYU Studies Publications