1. Robert W. Carter, “‘Sometimes When I Hear the Winds Sigh’: Mortality on the Overland Trail,” California History 74 (Summer 1995): 146; Shane A. Baker, “Illness and Mortality in Nineteenth-Century Mormon Immigration,” Mormon Historical Studies 2 (Fall 2001): 86.

2. Carter, “Mortality on the Overland Trail,” 146.

3. Mary Frances Keen and Lisa Bujalski, “The Diagnosis and Treatment of Cholera,” Nurse Practitioner 17 (December 1992): 53.

4. David A. Langtry, “The 1832 Epidemic of Asiatic Cholera in New Haven, Connecticut,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 25 (October 1870): 450; Jean-Pierre Raufman, “Cholera,” American Journal of Medicine 104 (April 9, 1998): 386; Roger P. Blair, “‘The Doctor Gets Some Practice’: Cholera and Medicine on the Overland Trails,” Journal of the West 36 (January 1997): 55; Kathryn L. McCance and Sue E. Huether, Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 3d ed. (St. Louis: Mosby, 1998), 254.

5. Carter, “Mortality on the Overland Trail,” 148.

6. Raufman, “Cholera,” 386.

7. Howard Brody and others, “Map-Making and Myth-Making in Broad Street: The London Cholera Epidemic, 1854,” Lancet 356 (July 1, 2000): 64–65.

8. Langtry, “Asiatic Cholera in New Haven,” 464–65.

9. Raufman, “Cholera,” 386.

10. Keen and Bujalski, “Diagnosis and Treatment of Cholera,” 54.

11. Joan R. Butterton, “Approach to the Patient with Vibrio Cholerae Infection,” version 11.3, page 2, UpToDate Online at www.uptodate.com (accessed September 2003).

12. Keen and Bujalski, “Diagnosis and Treatment of Cholera,” 54.

13. Carter, “Mortality on the Overland Trail,” 148.

14. Joan R. Butterton, “Pathogenesis of Vibrio Cholerae Infection,” version 11.3, page 1, UpToDate Online at www.uptodate.com (accessed September 2003).

15. James Chin, Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 17th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, 2000), 103–4.

16. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 203.

17. Keen and Bujalski, “Diagnosis and Treatment of Cholera,” 54–55.

18. Butterton, “Patient with Vibrio Cholerae Infection,” 4.

19. Mitchel Philip Roth, “The Western Cholera Trail: Studies in the Urban Response to Epidemic Disease in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1848–1850” (PhD diss., University of California at Santa Barbara, 1993), 30.

20. David H. Pratt and Paul F. Smart, “Life on Board a Mormon Emigrant Ship,” World Conference on Records: Preserving our Heritage, vol. 5, series 418 (United States: Corporation of the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1980), 2, 5–7.

21. Blair, “Doctor Gets Some Practice,” 57.

22. Carter, “Mortality on the Overland Trail,” 148.

23. Will Bagley, “Pioneers Not Exempt from Nature’s Call,” Salt Lake Tribune, February 25, 2001.

24. Robert T. Divett, “His Chastening Rod: Cholera Epidemics and the Mormons,” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 12, no. 3 (1979): 7.

25. McCance and Huether, Pathophysiology, 254.

26. Ramon Powers and Gene Younger, “Cholera on the Plains: The Epidemic of 1867 in Kansas,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 37, no. 4 (1971): 38. Cholera was also not as rampant among nomadic Native Americans as it was among large sedentary tribes in established villages. Ramon Powers and James N. Leiker, “Cholera among the Plains Indians: Perceptions, Causes, Consequences,” Western Historical Quarterly (Autumn 1998): 323.

27. Powers and Younger, “Cholera on the Plains,” 365–66.

28. For example, official weather records were not kept in the Deseret Territory until 1870. Mark Eubank (meteorologist) to Patricia Rushton, via e-mail, September 2003.

29. Charles E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Urbana: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 105.

30. Powers and Younger, “Cholera on the Plains,” 351–93; Blair, “Doctor Gets Some Practice,” 54–66; Powers and Leiker, “Cholera among the Plains Indians,” 317–40; Roth, “Western Cholera Trail,” 9–65; Rosenberg, Cholera Years, 105; J. S. Chambers, The Conquest of Cholera: America’s Greatest Scourge (New York: MacMillan Company, 1938).

31. Blair, “Doctor Gets Some Practice,” 55.

32. Blair, “Doctor Gets Some Practice,” 65.

33. Autobiography of John Martin, Ashland (February 1849), Mormon Immigration Index, CD-ROM.

34. Richard E. Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, 1846–1852 (Norman.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 143–44.

35. Moyle, “Reminiscence,” 40.

36. John D. Unruh Jr., The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), 124.

37. Powers and Leiker, “Cholera among the Plains Indians,” 318–19.

38. Powers and Leiker, “Cholera among the Plains Indians,” 328–29.

39. Powers and Leiker, “Cholera among the Plains Indians,” 321.

40. Powers and Leiker, “Cholera among the Plains Indians,” 322.

41. Powers and Leiker, “Cholera among the Plains Indians,” 336–37.

42. Arthur R. Bassett and Leon R. Hartshorn, “Brigham Young and Social Responsibility,” New Era 2 (January 1972): 21. See also Thomas G. Alexander, “Wilford Woodruff and Zion’s Camp: Baptism by Fire and the Spiritual Confirmation of a Future Prophet,” BYU Studies 39, no. 1 (2000): 138–39; and Andrea G. Radke, “We Also Marched: The Women and Children of Zion’s Camp, 1834,” BYU Studies 39, no. 1 (2000): 153–56.

43. Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, 134, 141.

44. Bennett, Mormons at the Missouri, 133.

45. Our Heritage (Salt Lake City, Utah: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1996), 69.

46. Gordon B. Hinckley, “The Things of Most Worth,” Ensign 23 (September 1993), 5; Pratt and Smart, “Mormon Emigrant Ship,” 7.

47. Janet E. Worrall, “Germanicus Passengers: From England to Early Settlement in Utah and Idaho,” Utah Historical Quarterly 53, no. 1 (1985): 44.

48. William Mulder, Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 167–68.

49. James Moyle, “Reminiscence,” ms 4349, acc. # 30526 (HDA), p. 10, BMR, book #1040, pp. 41–59, Mormon Immigration Index, CD-ROM.

50. Cavour (June 1866), A Compilation of General Voyage Notes, Mormon Immigration Index, CD-ROM (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 2000).

51. Mulder, Homeward to Zion, 175–176.

52. Fred E. Woods, “Gathering to Nauvoo: Mormon Immigration 1840–1846,” Nauvoo Journal vol. 11, no. 2 (Fall 1999): 50.

53. “River News,” (St. Louis) Daily Missouri Republican, May 8, 1949.

54. Rebecca Bartholomew, Audacious Women: Early British Mormon Immigrants (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1995), 163–64.

55. Autobiography of John Martin, Ashland (February 1849), Mormon Immigration Index, CD-ROM.

56. Fred E. Woods and Melvin L. Bashore, “On the Outskirts of Atchison: The Imprint of Latter-day Saint Transmigration at Mormon Grove,” Kansas History 25, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 40–41.

57. Woods and Bashor, “Transmigration at Mormon Grove,” 38–51.

58. Woods and Bashor, “Transmigration at Mormon Grove,” 47.

59. “News of the Church: Temple in Dallas Means Blessings for Southwestern Saints,” Ensign 14 (October 1984): 76.

60. Sheri L. Dew, Go Forward with Faith: The Biography of Gordon B. Hinckley (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1996), 10–11.

61. Newell R. Walker, “They Walked 1,300 Miles,” Ensign 30 (July 2000), 46.

62. Fred E. Woods, “Seagoing Saints,” Ensign 31 (September 2001): 60.

63. Accounts of the Saints’ migration through river communities such as Nauvoo, St. Louis, Atchison, and Keokuk note that the towns’ economies were significantly boosted when Mormons permanently or temporarily located in the area. Brigham may have been reluctant to attempt moving outfitting stations to other places. Richard L. Jensen, “Transplanted to Zion: The Impact of British Latter-day Saint Immigration upon Nauvoo,” BYU Studies 31, no. 1 (1991): 76–87.

64. Conway B. Sonne, “Queen of the Rivers, ” in Saints on the Seas: A Maritime History of Mormon Migration, 1830–1890 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1983), 102.

65. Bartholomew, Audacious Women, 164.

66. Stanley B. Kimball, “Another Route to Zion: Rediscovering the Overland Trail,” Ensign 14 (June 1984): 36.

67. Kimball, “Rediscovering the Overland Trail,” 36.

68. Woods, “Gathering to Nauvoo,” 55.

69. Bartholomew, Audacious Women, 174.

70. Rebecca Bartholomew, “Many Mormon Immigrants Delayed Their Journey to Utah,” History Blazer (December 1995); Rosenberg, Cholera Years, 105.

71. Powers and Younger, “Cholera on the Plains,” 37.

72. Charles Sansom, “Autobiography and Journal,” 43–44 (HDA), Mormon Immigration Index, CD-ROM.

73. James Thomas Wilson, “The Life of James Thomas Wilson,” 36, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

74. T. Edgar Lyon, “Some Uncommon Aspects of the Mormon Migration,” Improvement Era 72 (September 1969): 36.

75. Bartholomew, Audacious Women, 250.

76. Joseph Smith Jr., The History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ed. B. H. Roberts, 2d ed. rev., 7 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1971), 2:114.

77. Smith, History of the Church, 2:116.

78. Brigham Young, in Journal of Discourses, 26 vols. (Liverpool: F. D. Richards, 1855–86), 9:89, May 7, 1861.

79. Divett, “Cholera Epidemics and the Mormons,” 7, 10–12.

80. Fay McCracken, “Children Pioneers,” Friend 25, no. 7 (July 1995): 36.

81. McCracken, “Children Pioneers,” 36, 38.

Patricia Rushton

BYU Studies Publications