1. M. Auguste Comte, Cours de Philosophie positive (Paris: Imprimerie de Bachelier, 1842), VI. “law of the three states (stages).”

2. Ibid.

3. Auguste Comte, The Catechism of Positivism, trans. R. Congreve (London: J. Chapman, 1858).

4. Etienne Gilson, The Unity of Philosophical Experience (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1946), p. 270.

5. Oskar F. Walzel, Die deutsche Literatur von Goethes Tod bis zur Gegenwart (5. Auflage; Berlin: Askanischer Verlag, Carl Albert Kindle, 1929), p. 28. “deprived the world of divine influence through the attempt to make all belief in a divinity the result of a mere emotional or psychic need of man.”

6. Ludwig Feuerbach, Das Wesen der Religion (2. Auflage; Leipzig: Verlag von Otto Wigand, 1849), p. 36. “wish is the origin and the real essence of religion; the nature of the gods is nothing more than the nature of wish.”

7. Ibid., p. 78. “whoever no longer has any supernatural wishes, also has no longer supernatural beings.”

8. Ibid.

9. Gilson, op. cit., p. 284.

10. Johannes I. Volkelt, Ästhetische Zeitfragen (Münschen: C. H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Oskar Beck, 1895), p. 157. “The enthusiasm for natural science has degenerated, perhaps, into a natural science dogmatism . . .”

11. Oskar F. Walzel, Die Geistesströmungen des 19. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig: Quelle und Meyer, 1924), p. 49. “to cloak every crime by referring to irresistible, natural forces.”

12. Wilhelm Bölsche, Die naturwissenschaflichen Grundlagen der Poesie (Leipzig: Reissner Verlag, 1887), pp. 67–68.

13. Hippolyte Taine, Histoire de la littérature anglaise (Paris: Libraire Hachette, 1890), Introduction.

14. Walter Linden Naturalismus, in: Literatur in Entwicklungsreihen, Reihe 27, 1. Band (Leipzig: Verlag von Philipp Reclam jun., 1936), p. 7. “the philosophy of bondage, the refusal to acknowledge the will of man, since this will is ‘determined’ by natural tendencies, heredity, and environment . . .”

15. Wolfgang Stammler, Deutsche Litaratur vom Naturalismus bis zur Gegenwaart (2. durchgesehene Auflage; Breslau: Ferdinand Hirt, 1927), p. 15. “At that time every young man carried his Schopenhauer in his pocket and sucked from it the conviction of the senselessness and blindness of the world.”

16. Jethro Bithell, Modern German Literature (1880–1938) (London: Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1939), p. 3.

17. Hans Naumann, Die deutshce Dichtung der Gegenwart (1885–1924) (2. Auflage; Stuttgart: J. S. Metzlersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1924), p. 144.

18. Eduard Engel, Geschite der deutschen Dichtung. 2. Band, Das 19. Jahrhundert und die Gegenwart (Wien: F. Tempsky; Leipzig: G. Freytag, 1912), p. 310.

19. Eugen Wolff, Deutsche Literatur in der Gegenwart (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1896), pp. 31–32. “it did not, by any means, include only questions having to do with the working classes—the business classes, the scholars of the proletariat, the military and the nobility, the question of woman’s rights, marriage conditions, public morality, the educational system, the life of literary people, the question of the Jews, the German-Bohemian problem.”

20. Philipp Witkop, Deutsche Dichtung der Gegenwart (Leipzig: H. Haessel Verlag, 1924), pp. 11–12. “The human being loses his metaphysical values, he becomes a mere wheel on this monstrous mechanism that no longer serves to bring about the fulfillment of a religious ideal, of an eternal ideal of the human race, but runs by its own power and sets itself as its goal.”

21. Theobald Ziegler, Die geistigen und sozialen Strömungen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (3. umgearbeitete Auflage; Berlin: Georg Bondi, 1910), pp. 205 sqq.; pp. 278 sqq.; pp. 505 sqq.

22. Heinrich Weinel, Jesus im 19. Jahrhundert (Neubearbeitung; Tübingen: Verlag von J. D. B. Mohr, 1914), p. 159. “the social spirit of Christianity would lead to socialistic challenges.”

23. Ibid., p. 154. “the more one descends into the depths, the crasser the social democratic criticisms of Christianity become, mostly of Jesus.”

24. Ibid., p. 144. “an enthusiastic communism on the basis of Christian love.”

25. Ziegler, op. cit., p. 440. “are expected to preach what they themselves do not believe.” “the spirit of Protestant freedom of conscience, but a spirit of insincerity and mendacity which the Church authorities actually force their clergymen into.”

26. Ernst Troeltshc, “Aus der religiösen Bewegung der Gegenwart, “Neue Deutsche Rundschau, 21. Jahrgang (1910), 3:1170 sqq. “the magic of the sacrament and conditional infusion of grace.” “which only promote the search for miracles and the fantastic.”

27. Rudolf C. Eucken, “Der moderne Mensch und die Religion,” Neue Deutsche Rundschau, 13. Jahrgang (1902), 2:681. “a continuous reaction against the traditional form of religion itself.”

28. Ibid. “everywhere the miracle is being banished and a natural view of things is receiving recognition.”

29. E. Lemke, Die Hauptrichtungen im deutschen Geistesleben der letzen Jahrzehnte und ihr Spiegelbild in der Dichtung (Leipzig: Quelle und Meyer, 1914), p. 50. “something that has developed gradually and its content limited to the time in which it was written.”

30. David Fiedrich Strauss, Der alte und der neue Glaube (10. Auflage; Bonn, Verlag von Emil Strauss, 1879), p. 94. “we are no longer Christians.”

31. Ibid. “we could still be religious in spite of everything, even if our religion did not take the form of Christianity.”

32. Wendland, op. cit., p. 445.

33. Herbert Cysarz, Von Schiller zu Nietzsche (Halle an der Saale: M. Niemeyer, 1928), p. 302. “Naturalism clings, first of all, to Nietzsche’s revolutionary ethos, the will to power, and the revaluation of all moral and religious values. . . .”

34. Friedrich Nietzsche, Werke. 15. und 16. Bände, Der Wille zur Macht (Leipzig: Alfred Kroner Verlag, 1911), 15:302 sqq.; 16:341 sqq. “Not ‘humanity,’ but superman is the goal!”

35. Henri de Lubac, The Drama of Atheist Humanism, trans. Edith M. Riley (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1950), pp. 5 sqq.

36. Johannes Mumbauer, Die deutsche Dichtung der neuesten Zeit (Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder und Co., 1931), 1:115. “return to metaphysics and a longing for the eternal.”

37. Lemke, op. cit., p. 46. “were striving, on the contrary, for a greater intensification (of religious values).”

38. Carl Bleibture, Revolution der Literatur (Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Friedrich, 1886), p. 13. “make oneself master of the great problems of the time.”

39. Ibid. “enthusiastic interest in the sorrows and joys of that generation.”

40. Wilhelm Dilthey, Gesammelte Schriften, 6. Band, “Die geistige Welt” (Leipzig und Berlin: Verlag von B. G. Teubner, 1914–36), p. 243. “It (literature) wants to let reality be seen, as it is, and analyze it. It wants to be the anatomy and the physiology of a given part of reality. Whatever is humanly or socially alive around us, whatever breathes and pulsates, whatever each person experiences in his own life and in his own soul, that, it (literature) wants to bring under its own dissection knife, as long as it has not yet been forfeited to the knife of science.”

41. Bölsche, op. cit.

R. Max Rogers

BYU Studies Publications