1. Paul C. Gutjahr, An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the United States, 1777–1880 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 1.

2. For more, see Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 375–79; Seth Perry, Bible Culture and Authority in the Early United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2018), 1–9, 76.

3. Gordon Irving, “The Mormons and the Bible in the 1830s,” BYU Studies Quarterly 13, no. 4 (1973): 479–87; Christopher C. Smith, “Joseph Smith in Hermeneutical Crisis,” Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 43, no. 2 (Summer 2010): 88–91; Kent P. Jackson, “Joseph Smith and the Bible,” Scottish Journal of Theology 63, no. 1 (2010): 38–40; Philip L. Barlow, Mormons and the Bible: The Place of the Latter-day Saints in American Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991; citations from updated edition, 2013).

4. See Barlow, Mormons and the Bible, 80–161.

5. Barlow, Mormons and the Bible, xxii.

6. Because writers did not set off the scriptures they quoted with quotation marks or provide reference to chapters and verses, identifying all the scripture passages and references is a time-consuming and difficult task. Consequently, while my research assistants and I have tried to be as thorough and careful as possible as we read through every line of the Millennial Star and Woman’s Exponent from 1880 to 1900 to find each scripture reference and passage, we likely have missed some passages.

7. Grant Underwood, “Book of Mormon Usage in Early LDS Theology,” Dialogue 17, no. 3 (Autumn 1984): 53.

8. Scripture references to the Book of Mormon appear 607 times in the Millennial Star (494) and the Woman’s Exponent (113) between 1880 and 1900. The total number of scripture passages identified in the two publications was 13,596; consequently, references to the Book of Mormon account for 4.46 percent of all scripture references.

9. Scripture references to the Doctrine and Covenants and Pearl of Great Price appear 1,094 times in the Millennial Star (919) and the Woman’s Exponent (175) between 1880 and 1900. The total number of scriptures identified was 13,596; consequently, references to the Doctrine and Covenants and Pearl of Great Price account for 8.05 percent of all scripture references.

10. For a good discussion on how early Mormon converts viewed and incorporated the Book of Mormon into their religious devotion, see Janiece Johnson, “Becoming a People of the Books: Toward an Understanding of Early Mormon Converts and the New Word of the Lord,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 27 (2018): 1–43.

11. For more, see George M. Marsden, “Everyone One’s Own Interpreter? The Bible, Science, and Authority in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America,” in The Bible in America: Essays in Cultural History, ed. Nathan O. Hatch and Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 80–84; Noll, America’s God, 376–85; Barlow, Mormons and the Bible, 10.

12. C. S. Gifford, “American Women and the Bible: The Nature of Woman as a Hermeneutical Issue,” in Feminist Perspectives on Biblical Scholarship, ed. A. Y. Collins (Chico, Calif.: Society of Biblical Literature, 1985), 22. For more on this new scholarship, see Mark Noll, Between Faith and Criticism: Evangelicals, Scholarship, and the Bible in America (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Regent College Publishing, 1986), 11–31. For more on developments that challenged traditional approaches to reading the Bible as God’s inspired, infallible word, see Marion Ann Taylor and Heather E. Weir, Let Her Speak for Herself: Nineteenth-Century Women Writing on the Women of Genesis (Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press, 2006), 11–12.

13. See, for example, “Recovery of an Ancient Record,” Deseret News, July 9, 1879, 6; “Moses and the Red Nile,” Millennial Star 58, no. 24 (June 11, 1896): 381–83; “Confirmation of Scripture,” Millennial Star 52, no. 40 (October 6, 1890): 638; “Jephthah’s Vow,” Deseret News, August 22, 1888, 7.

14. For more, see Taylor and Weir, Let Her Speak for Herself, 14–17; Noll, Between Faith and Criticism, 11–12, 27–31.

15. For more on how Mormonism appealed to both revelatory and empirical longings, see Steven C. Harper, “Infallible Proofs, Both Human and Divine: The Persuasiveness of Mormonism for Early Converts,” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 10, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 104–6, 110–12. For more on the Bible as a springboard, see Jackson, “Joseph Smith and the Bible,” 38–40; Barlow, Mormons and the Bible, 46–47.

16. Most significant is Smith’s statement in the Wentworth letter, “We Believe the Bible to be the word of God as far as it is translated correctly.” The Wentworth letter was republished in Times and Seasons 3, no. 9 (March 1842): 706–7. See also Brigham Young, in Journal of Discourses, 26 vols. (Liverpool: F. D. Richards, 1855–86), 14:226–27 (August 27, 1871).

17. For a more detailed, contextualized overview of how biblical interpretation within the Church changed over the nineteenth century, see Amy Easton-Flake, “Nineteenth-Century Biblical Interpretation,” in The Bible in the Latter-day Saint Tradition, ed. Taylor Petrey and Cory Crawford (New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).

18. Irving, “The Mormons and the Bible in the 1830s,” 479–87.

19. Louisa Lula Greene, “Woman’s Exponent: A Utah Ladies’ Journal,” Woman’s Exponent 1, no. 1 (June 1, 1872): 8.

20. Greene, “Woman’s Exponent: A Utah Ladies’ Journal,” 8.

21. For historical background on the Exponent, see Sherilyn Cox Bennion, “The Woman’s Exponent: Forty-Two Years of Speaking for Women,” Utah Historical Quarterly 44, no. 3 (Summer 1976): 226–39; Carol Cornwall Madsen, An Advocate for Women: The Public Life of Emmeline B. Wells, 1870–1920 (Provo, Utah: BYU Studies, 2006), 34–66. Also, Carol Cornwall Madsen, “‘Remember the Women of Zion’: A Study of the Editorial Content of the Woman’s Exponent, a Mormon Woman’s Journal, 1872–1914” (master’s thesis, University of Utah, 1977).

22. For men’s voices in the nineteenth century, slightly more options were available. The Juvenile Instructor, edited by George Q. Cannon, and the Contributor, edited by Junius F. Wells, were possible options, but since they are both aimed at youth, they are less ideal. The Deseret News seemed to be another possible option, but upon investigation I found that the Bible was used very infrequently because the majority of the paper was focused on secular aspects of life.

23. References to the Song of Solomon appear only three times in the Woman’s Exponent and only four times in the Millennial Star.

24. For more, see Eran Shalev, American Zion: The Old Testament as a Political Text from the Revolution to the Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press 2013), 151–52, 156–63.

25. Compared to Irving’s finding that “fifteen of the thirty-nine Old Testament books provided 93 percent of all identifiable Old Testament passages used” (484).

26. Irving, “Mormons and the Bible in the 1830s,” 484.

27. Irving, “Mormons and the Bible in the 1830s,” 484.

28. Irving, “Mormons and the Bible in the 1830s,” 480.

29. Irving, “Mormons and the Bible in the 1830s,” 480.

30. Irving, “Mormons and the Bible in the 1830s,” 480, 483, 486–87.

31. See J. Z. Stewart, “The Godhead,” Millennial Star 49, no. 50 (December 12, 1887): 785–88; “A Dialogue,” Millennial Star 45, no. 16 (April 16, 1883): 245–47; “A Friendly Discussion,” Millennial Star 59, no. 32 (August 12, 1897): 497–511.

32. See “Characteristics of the Savior,” Millennial Star 42, no. 30 (July 26, 1880): 473–75; Edward Isaacson, “A Jew’s Reasons for Believing Jesus Christ to Be the Messiah,” Millennial Star 50, no. 23 (June 4, 1888): 353–58; “The Foundation of Christ’s Church,” Millennial Star 43, no. 11 (March 14, 1881): 161–63.

33. See Moroni Snow, “Redemption and Regeneration,” Millennial Star 42, no. 23 (June 7, 1880): 353–56; Hugh Findlay, “The Gospel an Antidote for the Ills of Man,” Millennial Star 42, no. 7 (February 16, 1880): 102–3; Charles W. Stayner, “The King of Kings,” Millennial Star 43, no. 9 (February 28, 1881): 129–31.

34. See Hugh Findlay, “The Gospel an Antidote for the Ills of Man,” Millennial Star 42, no. 7 (February 16, 1880): 102–3; Moroni Snow, “Redemption and Regeneration,” Millennial Star 42, no. 23 (June 7, 1880): 353–56; “The Foundation of Christ’s Church,” Millennial Star 43, no. 11 (March 14, 1881): 161–63.

35. See “Isaac and Rebekah,” Millennial Star 48, no. 11 (March 15, 1886): 174–75; B. W. Williams, “The Doctrine of the Bible in Regard to Temperance,” Millennial Star 49, no. 29 (July 18, 1887): 452–55.

36. See E. Davis, “Our Savior and His Disciples,” Millennial Star 47, no. 48 (November 30, 1885): 753–55.

37. See “Tithing,” Millennial Star 46, no. 15 (April 14, 1884): 232–34; Moroni Snow, “Redemption and Regeneration,” Millennial Star 42, no. 23 (June 7, 1880): 353–56; “The Word of Wisdom,” Millennial Star 46, no. 11 (March 17, 1884): 168–70; “Discerning of Spirits,” Millennial Star 58, no. 47 (November 19, 1896): 749–51.

38. See “Inconsistency among Opponents of the Truth,” Millennial Star 44, no. 13 (March 27, 1882): 200–203; “Perverting the Scriptures,” Millennial Star 59, no. 10 (March 11, 1897): 154–55.

39. See George Reynolds, “Objections to the Book of Mormon,” Millennial Star 44, no. 14 (April 3, 1882): 213–15; B., “The Anti-‘Mormon’ Elements,” Millennial Star 51, no. 37 (September 16, 1889): 584–88.

40. See E. H. Nye, “Letter from a ‘Mormon’ Elder to a Church of England Minister,” Millennial Star 45, no. 51 (December 17, 1883): 812–14; J. H. A., “Mr. Duncan and the ‘Mormons,’” Millennial Star 52, no. 42 (October 20, 1890): 657–60.

41. See Edward E. Brain, “Necessity of Continuous Revelation,” Millennial Star 42, no. 22 (May 31, 1880): 337–40; W., “The ‘Falling Away’ from the Primitive Faith,” Millennial Star 43, no. 4 (January 24, 1881): 51–54; John H. Kelson, “Answer to Mr. Conway’s Objection to New Revelation,” Millennial Star 48, no. 32 (August 9, 1886): 497–500.

42. See R., “The Necessity of Continued Revelation,” Millennial Star 49, no. 30 (July 25, 1887): 472–75; J. H. Paul, “Notes on the Apostasy,” Millennial Star 59, no. 6 (February 11, 1897): 81–86.

43. See Hugh Findlay, “The Latter-day Kingdom a Necessity to the Fulfillment of Prophecy,” Millennial Star 42, no. 16 (April 19, 1880): 244–46; C. F. Wilcox, “The Triumph of the Church,” Millennial Star 44, no. 17 (April 24, 1882): 261; John Cooper, “The Gathering,” Millennial Star 44, no. 8 (February 20, 1882): 116–17; Matthias F. Cowley, “Apostasy,” Millennial Star 44, no. 13 (March 27, 1882): 197–99.

44. See A Student of Prophecy, “The Time Swiftly Approaches,” Millennial Star 49, no. 11 (March 14, 1887): 161–65; “Preaching the Gospel,” Millennial Star 49, no. 21 (May 23, 1887): 328–31; R., “Charity,” Millennial Star 49, no. 28 (July 11, 1887): 440–44.

45. To teach and encourage discipleship, Jesus’s Sermon on the Mount, as recorded in Matthew 5–7, was particularly popular, with over 350 references.

46. See M. A. Youlton, “Our Model,” Millennial Star 45, no. 37 (September 10, 1883): 589–91; H. E. Bowring, “Shall We Be Like Them?” Millennial Star 48, no. 47 (November 22, 1886): 737–39.

47. See James J. Chandler, “An Exhortation and Warning to the Saints,” Millennial Star 48, no. 41 (October 11, 1886): 652–53; G. O., “Blessings and Responsibilities of the Gospel,” Millennial Star 48, no. 46 (November 15, 1886): 728–30.

48. See Scott W. Anderson, “Is Baptism Essential?” Millennial Star 43, no. 10 (March 7, 1881): 145–47; J. H. A., “Baptism, How and by Whom Administered,” Millennial Star 54, no. 24 (June 13, 1892): 376–78.

49. See J. H. A., “Remission of Sins through Baptism,” Millennial Star 54, no. 23 (June 6, 1892): 360–62; L. F. Monch, “The Book of Mormon, and the End of the World,” Millennial Star 48, no. 14 (April 5, 1886): 209–13.

50. See Charles Kelly, “Baptism,” Millennial Star 49, no. 1 (January 2, 1887): 1–6; “A New Tract,” Millennial Star 58, no. 52 (December 24, 1896): 817–22.

51. See “Baptism for the Dead,” Millennial Star 58, no. 1 (January 2, 1896): 10–11; J. H. A., “Baptism and Its Essentiality,” Millennial Star 54, no. 22 (May 30, 1892): 344–46.

52. See “The Lord’s Own,” Millennial Star 50, no. 13 (March 26, 1888): 200–203; Edward Stevenson, “Pre-existence of Spirits and Immortality of the Soul,” Millennial Star 46, no. 34 (August 25, 1884): 529–32.

53. See G. O., “The Atonement,” Millennial Star 48, no. 7 (February 15, 1886): 104–7; Edward Stevenson, “The Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormon,” Millennial Star 48, no. 23 (June 7, 1886): 366–68.

54. See O. F. Whitney, “Discourse,” Millennial Star 48, no. 31 (August 2, 1886): 481–85; J. H. A., “Obtaining Freedom,” Millennial Star 54, no. 27 (July 4, 1892): 424–26.

55. See G. O., “Faith and Works,” Millennial Star 54, no. 29 (July 18, 1892): 456–58; Peter Elliot, “Conversation between a Church of England Preacher and a Young Latter-day Saint,” Millennial Star 45, no. 39 (September 24, 1883): 611–15.

56. See Charles F. Wilcox, “All Things Governed by Law,” Millennial Star 43, no. 32 (August 8, 1881): 502–3; “Faith without Works,” Millennial Star 44, no. 29 (July 17, 1882): 456–58.

57. See R., “Suggestions to Elders,” Millennial Star 50, no. 32 (August 6, 1888): 504–7; B., “The Authority of the Elders,” Millennial Star 57, no. 28 (July 11, 1895): 440–41.

58. See Moroni Snow, “Authority,” Millennial Star 42, no. 54 (February 2, 1880): 68–71; Joseph F. Smith, “Restoration of the Melchisedek Priesthood,” Millennial Star 51, no. 25 (June 24, 1889): 385–90.

59. See “Authority in the Church of Christ,” Millennial Star 54, no. 5 (February 1, 1892): 65–69; “The Foundation of Christ’s Church,” Millennial Star 43, no. 11 (March 14, 1881): 161–63; Joseph Smith, “Priesthood,” Millennial Star 44, no. 31 (July 31, 1882): 481–84.

60. See Thomas Y. Stanford, “The Apostasy, and Discrepancies in Christianity,” Millennial Star 49, no. 14 (April 4, 1887): 209–15; Joseph A. A. Bunot, “Great and General Apostasy of the Churches,” Millennial Star 45, no. 26 (June 25, 1883): 401–5.

61. See H. A. Tuckett, “Did Christ Establish a Church?” Millennial Star 57, no. 46 (November 14, 1895): 725–27; Edwin F. Parry, “Joseph Smith’s Divine Mission,” Millennial Star 59, no. 10 (March 11, 1897): 145–52.

62. See “A Dialogue,” Millennial Star 45, no. 16 (April 16, 1883): 245–47; A. T., “The God We Worship,” Millennial Star 59, no. 19 (May 13, 1897): 289–91.

63. See S. W. Richards, “God and Life,” Millennial Star 47, no. 28 (July 13, 1885): 436–39; “Sermon by President Wilford Woodruff,” Millennial Star 51, no. 14 (April 8, 1889): 209–12; “A Fair Report,” Millennial Star 49, no. 3 (January 17, 1887): 43–46.

64. See “The Only True God,” Millennial Star 48, no. 41 (October 11, 1886): 648–51; A. T., “The God We Worship,” Millennial Star 59, no. 19 (May 13, 1897): 289–91.

65. See N. T. Porter, “One Unchangeable Gospel,” Millennial Star 56, no. 47 (November 19, 1894): 740–42; G. O., “To the Missionaries,” Millennial Star 47, no. 23 (June 8, 1885): 360–61.

66. See “Divine Ecclesiasticism,” Millennial Star 49, no. 22 (May 30, 1887): 337–39; “Discourse,” Millennial Star 51, no. 23 (June 10, 1889): 353–55.

67. For a good overview, see Zion’s Convert, “Our Character,” Woman’s Exponent 24, no. 20–21 (March 15 and April 1, 1896): 132.

68. See Ida, “Humility,” Woman’s Exponent 14, no. 11 (November 1, 1885): 81; M. A. Welch, “Forgiveness,” Woman’s Exponent 11, no. 24 (May 15, 1883): 188–89; Susie Stephenson, “Faith,” Woman’s Exponent 18, no. 3 (July 1, 1889): 19.

69. Emma M. Myers, “Charity,” Woman’s Exponent 16, no. 7 (September 1, 1887): 51; Mary Ellen Kimball, “True Charity,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 22 (April 15, 1882): 169; L. L. Greene Richards, “Charity and Labor,” Woman’s Exponent 28, no. 4 (July 15, 1899): 28.

70. B. M., “Woman’s Voice,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 7 (September 1, 1881): 50; S. A. Fullmer, “A Few Thoughts,” Woman’s Exponent 17, no. 1 (June 1, 1888): 3; Homespun, “Talk,” Woman’s Exponent 9, no. 23 (May 1, 1881): 178; Mary Y. Corby, “Sympathy,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 3 (August 1, 1891): 19; Mary J. Morrison, “The Sabbath Day,” Woman’s Exponent 13, no. 1 (June 1, 1884): 3.

71. E. B. Wells, “Relief Society Conference,” Woman’s Exponent 24, no. 22 (April 15, 1896): 142; Margaret V. Taylor, “Salt Lake Stake,” Woman’s Exponent 26, no. 17 (February 1, 1898): 246; Mary Ann M. Pratt, “The Way of the Transgressor is Hard,” Woman’s Exponent 13, no. 17 (February 1, 1885): 133–34.

72. This represents 248 of 1,999 passages, or 12.4 percent. By and large, writers for the Woman’s Exponent sought to portray Mormon women as capable, intelligent, independent agents with crucial roles to play in society and God’s kingdom. They often sought to raise the status of motherhood and women’s domestic labor even as they advocated expanding women’s field of action. Likewise, they extolled women’s unique virtues in relation to men’s even as they asserted women’s fundamental equality with men.

73. See L. E. H., “Woman in Politics,” Woman’s Exponent 11, no. 3 (July 1, 1882): 17–18; “Woman’s Voice,” Woman’s Exponent 16, no. 8 (September 15, 1887): 63.

74. See “Women’s Meetings and Conferences,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 6 (August 15, 1890): 45–46; “Relief Society Jubilee—Relief Society,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 18 (April 1, 1892): 140–44; Elizabeth B. Smith, “Reflections,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 1 (June 1, 1890): 3; Z. D. H. Y., “A Few Reflections,” Woman’s Exponent 23, nos. 9–10 (November 1 and 15, 1894): 204–5.

75. See Aunt Em [pseudonym for Emmeline B. Wells], “The Integrity of Ruth,” Woman’s Exponent 7, no. 12 (November 15, 1878): 89; Adelia B. Cox Sidwell, “Women of the Bible,” Woman’s Exponent 18, no. 17 (February 1, 1890): 136; J. E. C., “Woman’s Voice,” Woman’s Exponent 12, no. 4 (July 15, 1883): 29; Ruby Lamont, “Sonnets of the Virgin Mary,” Woman’s Exponent 24, no. 4 (July 15, 1895): 25.

76. For a more detailed look at how Latter-day Saint women were using biblical women in the Woman’s Exponent, see Amy Easton-Flake, “Biblical Women in the Woman’s Exponent: Nineteenth-Century Mormon Women Interpret the Bible,” in The Bible in American Life, ed. Philip Goff, Arthur E. Farnsley II, and Peter J. Thuesen (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 93–97.

77. See E. B. Wells, “Be Wise and Hearken to Counsel,” Woman’s Exponent 5, no. 11 (November 1, 1876), 84; E. B. Wells, “Wise Women,” Woman’s Exponent 8, no. 10 (October 15, 1879): 76; Ella F. Smith, “Woman’s Mind Equal to Man’s,” Woman’s Exponent 18, no. 22 (April 15, 1890): 177.

78. Carol-Cornwall Madsen, “Voices in Print: The Woman’s Exponent, 1872–1914,” in Women Steadfast in Christ: Talks Selected from the 1991 Women’s Conference (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992), 72.

79. “Mormonism Will Live,” Woman’s Exponent 9, no. 20 (March 15, 1881): 156; Mary J. Morrison, “Celestial Marriage,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 17 (February 1, 1882): 135; Mary Ann Merrill Pratt, “Views on Plural Marriage,” Woman’s Exponent 15, no. 13 (December 1, 1886): 97–98; Sarah Sudweeks, “Woman’s Voice,” Woman’s Exponent 15, no. 16 (January 15, 1887): 124–25.

80. See “A Few Reflections,” Woman’s Exponent 6, no. 1 (June 1, 1877), 3; Mary Ann M. Pratt, “Scripture Testimony for Plural Marriage,” Woman’s Exponent 13, no. 13 (December 1, 1884), 99.

81. Ninety-two out of 8,773 scriptures in the Millennial Star reference polygamy.

82. Amy Easton-Flake, “Biblical Women in the Woman’s Exponent,” 97–98. For primary examples, see Sarah A. Fullmer, “Our Franchise,” Woman’s Exponent 11, no. 24 (May 15, 1883): 185; A Plural Wife, “My Views on Celestial, Plural Marriage,” Woman’s Exponent 15, no. 15 (January 1, 1887): 115.

83. See A Plural Wife, “Thoughts on the Times,” Woman’s Exponent 14, no. 17 (February 1, 1886): 131; Susannah Heiner, “Woman’s Voice,” Woman’s Exponent 12, no. 18 (February 15, 1884): 143.

84. See Lula, “A View—February 1885,” Woman’s Exponent 13, no. 18 (February 15, 1885): 141; M. A. P. Hyde, “A Woman’s Testimony,” Woman’s Exponent 12, no. 22 (April 15, 1884): 169–70; One Who Knows, “Comments,” Woman’s Exponent 11, no. 2 (June 15, 1882): 9–10; Ruth, “An Emphatic Protest,” Woman’s Exponent 15, no. 7 (September 1, 1886): 51.

85. “Some Important Matters,” Woman’s Exponent 13, no. 24 (May 15, 1885): 188; M. Holden, “A Few Evening Reflections,” Woman’s Exponent 14, no. 11 (November 1, 1885): 81.

86. Camelia, “Passing Thoughts,” Woman’s Exponent 22, no. 4 (September 1, 1893): 27; Zion’s Convert, “The Good Shepherd,” Woman’s Exponent 26, no. 7 (September 1, 1897): 188; Mary Y. Corby, “Sympathy,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 3 (August 1, 1891): 19.

87. Mary Y. Corby, “Communion,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 17 (March 15, 1892): 129; Zion’s Convert, “Food for Thought,” Woman’s Exponent 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1892): 22–23; M. E. Kimball, “The Gifts of the Gospel,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 22 (May 15, 1891): 171.

88. Mary Y. Corby, “Lord, Is It I?” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 7 (October 1, 1891): 55; “The Present Conditions,” Woman’s Exponent 22, no. 15 (April 1, 1894): 116; “The Relief Society Jubilee,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 14 (January 15 and February 1, 1892): 108.

89. Mary Ann M. Pratt, “The Coming of the Savior,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 4 (July 15, 1890): 32; Zion’s Convert, “Reflections of a Pioneer,” Woman’s Exponent 26, no. 11–12 (November 1 and 15, 1897): 211.

90. Phebe C. Young, “Christmas,” Woman’s Exponent 14, no. 14 (December 15, 1885): 105; Mary Y. Corby, “Sympathy,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 3 (August 1, 1891): 19.

91. M. E. Kimball, “What of the Opposite Element,” Woman’s Exponent 16, no. 6 (August 15, 1887): 45; S. A. Fullmer, “Woman’s Voice,” Woman’s Exponent 11, no. 21 (April 1, 1883): 167; Emily B. Spencer, “The Opposing Party,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 18 (February 15, 1882): 144; M. E. Kimball, “Reflections on the Past,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 11 (December 1, 1891): 86, 84 (article continued from page 86 to 84, which was mislabeled also as page 86).

92. Eliza Woods Wallin, “In Memoriam,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 6 (August 15, 1881): 45; “Elizabeth Howard,” Woman’s Exponent 21, no. 18 (March 15, 1893): 140–41; “Agitation Is Educational,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 3 (August 1, 1891): 20.

93. See Jemima, “Thoughts,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 23 (May 1, 1882): 179; Elizabeth B. Smith, “Reflections,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 1 (June 1, 1890): 3; Mary Ann M. Pratt, “The Coming of the Savior,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 4 (July 15, 1890): 32; “R. S., Y. L. M. I. A., and P. A. Reports—Emery Stake,” Woman’s Exponent 20, no. 11 (December 1, 1891): 84; Matthew 25:1–13 (parable of the ten virgins).

94. See M. E. Kimball, “The True Church,” Woman’s Exponent 11, no. 2 (June 15, 1882): 15; “The Times Are Significant,” Woman’s Exponent 15, no. 8 (September 15, 1886): 60; “The Year of Grace 1891,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 14 (January 1, 1891): 108.

95. See Aunt Em, “The Days of Our Grandmothers,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 6 (August 15, 1881): 47; Frances B. Hart, “Fulfilment of Prophecy,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 22 (April 15, 1882): 173; Mary J. Morrison, “Destruction and Desolation Yet to Come,” Woman’s Exponent 12, no. 16 (January 15, 1884): 122; M. E. K., “Are We Worthy?” Woman’s Exponent 24, no. 14 (December 15, 1895): 90; “The Comet,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 3 (July 1, 1881): 20; Mary Ann M. Pratt, “Things of Reality Dictated by the Spirit of Truth,” Woman’s Exponent 16, no. 21 (April 1, 1888): 161; “The Times Are Significant,” Woman’s Exponent 15, no. 8 (September 15, 1886): 60.

96. “Jubilee Celebration,” Woman’s Exponent 9, no. 3 (July 1, 1880): 20; Hannah T. King, “The City of the Saints,” Woman’s Exponent 10, no. 17 (February 1, 1882): 129.

97. See A Member, “Utah County Silk Association,” Woman’s Exponent 9, no. 7 (September 1, 1880): 56; Elizabeth B. Smith, “Reflections,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 1 (June 1, 1890): 3; Mary Ann M. Pratt, “The Coming of the Savior,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 4 (July 15, 1890): 32.

98. Helen Mar Whitney, “Scenes in Nauvoo, and Incidents from H. C. Kimball’s Journal,” Woman’s Exponent 12, no. 9 (October 1, 1883): 71; Zina D. H. Young, “To the Sisters,” Woman’s Exponent 22, no. 19 (June 15, 1894): 148; see D. E. Dudley, “Home,” Woman’s Exponent 13, no. 20 (March 15, 1885): 155.

99. Mary Ann M. Pratt, “Training Children,” Woman’s Exponent 16, no. 11 (November 1, 1887): 81; Hannah T. King, “Babyhood,” Woman’s Exponent 9, no. 8 (September 15, 1880): 62; K. L. C., “Scattered Thoughts,” Woman’s Exponent 17, no. 17 (February 1, 1889): 131.

100. The Standard, “The Baby,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 16 (February 15, 1891): 125; Ida May Smith, “Benefits of Primary Association,” Woman’s Exponent 19, no. 6 (August 15, 1890): 48.