1. John F. Yurtinus, “A Ram in the Thicket: The Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War” (Ph.D. diss., Brigham Young University, 1975), 637, 643–44.

2. Yurtinus, “Ram in the Thicket,” 181.

3. William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West, 1803–1863 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), 127.

4. Dwight L. Clarke, Stephen Watts Kearny: Soldier of the West (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), 165, quoted in Neal Harlow, California Conquered: War and Peace on the Pacific, 1846–1850 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 246.

5. Harlow, California Conquered, 246.

6. Gregory Maynard, “Alexander William Doniphan: Man of Justice,” BYU Studies 13, no. 4 (summer 1973): 469–70. For more on Doniphan, see Roger D. Launius, Alexander William Doniphan: Portrait of a Missouri Moderate (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997).

7. W. H. Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaissance, from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California, including parts of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers (Washington: Wendell and van Benthuysen, 1848), 66, quoted in Harlow, California Conquered, 177.

8. Philip St. George Cooke, Exploring Southwestern Trails, 1846–1854 (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1938), 86.

9. Philip St. George Cooke, The Conquest of New Mexico and California in 1846–1848 (Chicago: Rio Grande, 1964), 128.

10. Cooke, Exploring, 106.

11. Cooke, Exploring, 95.

12. Cooke, Exploring, 105–6.

13. Cooke, Exploring, 109.

14. Yurtinus, “Ram in the Thicket,” 378.

15. Cooke, Exploring, 124.

16. Cooke, Conquest, 197.

17. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 142.

18. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 267, 271; Paul Neff Garber, The Gadsden Treaty (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1959), 19.

19. Henry P. Walker and Don Bufkin, Historical Atlas of Arizona (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979), map 16.

20. George P. Hammond, ed., The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February Second 1848 (Berkeley, Calif.: Grabhorn Press, 1949), 29, 31.

21. Goetzmann, Army Explorations, 191–92; see also Beck, Historical Atlas of New Mexico.

22. Hammond, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 31.

23. Garber, Gadsden Treaty, 22.

24. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 190–91.

25. Garber, Gadsden Treaty, 19.

26. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 263.

27. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 274.

28. Garber, Gadsden Treaty, 22–23.

29. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 141.

30. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 268.

31. Garber, Gadsden Treaty, 18.

32. J. Fred Rippy, “A Ray of Light on the Gadsden Purchase,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 24 (January 1921): 238, quoted in Odie B. Faulk, Too Far North . . . Too Far South (Los Angeles: Westernlore, 1967), 131, brackets in Faulk, Too Far North.

33. Garber, Gadsden Treaty, 92.

34. Cooke, Conquest, 158–59.

35. Faulk, Too Far North, 135.

36. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 290–91.

37. Roscoe P. and Margaret B. Conkling, The Butterfield Overland Mail (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1947); see also Dan Talbot, A Historical Guide to the Mormon Battalion and Butterfield Trail (Tucson: Westernlore, 1992).

38. James H. McClintock, Mormon Settlement in Arizona: A Record of Peaceful Conquest of the Desert (Phoenix, Ariz.: Manufacturing Stationers, 1921), 36–37.

39. Barbara Jones Hadley, “President Hinckley Dedicates Mormon Battalion Monument,” Ensign 27 (March 1997): 74.

40. Jill B. Adair, “Monument Memorializes ‘Courage, Loyalty, Sacrifice,’” Church News, weekly supplement of Deseret News, December 21, 1996, 3.