1. For the details of Wright’s and Mulliner’s travels in the initial phase of missionary work in Scotland, see Alexander Wright, Diary, 1839–44, and entries for 1840 in the Manuscript History of the Scottish Mission, Library Archives, Historical Department, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City (hereafter referred to as LDS Church Archives).

2. Daniel B. Weber, “The Transcendental Wilderness Aesthetics of John Muir,” in The World of John Muir, ed. L. R. Murphy and D. Colins (Stockton, Calif.: University of the Pacific, 1981), 2.

3. Bernard Aspinwall, Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920 (Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen University Press, 1984), 2.

4. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The English Notebooks, ed. Randall Stewart (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1941), 535–36.

5. Sidney Checkland and Olive Checkland, Industry and Ethos: Scotland 1832–1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1984), 25.

6. Ibid., 6.

7. For a contemporary account of the impact of industrialization on the traditional religious community, see Alexander Watt, “Social and Moral Conditions of the Manufacturing Districts in Scotland,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 50 (1841): 659–73. See also Checkland and Checkland, Industry and Ethos, 119–23; and James Mackinnon, The Social and Industrial History of Scotland from the Union to the Present Time (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1921), 151–54, 226.

8. Rowland A. Davenport, Aldbury Apostles: The Story of the Body Known as the Catholic Apostolic Church (Sometimes Called the “Irvingites”) (London: Neillgo Publications, 1971), 27.

9. Ibid., 29–35.

10. Dean C. Jessee, comp. and ed., The Personal Writings of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1984), 164. There is also a record of a delegation of Irvingites from Barnsley, England, visiting Joseph Smith around 1835 with the intent of offering the Mormons financial assistance if their religious views coincided (see “History of Joseph Smith,” Millennial Star 15 (23 April 1853): 260.

11. Joseph Smith, Jr., Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, comp. Joseph Fielding Smith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1951), 210. Professor Joseph F. McConkie drew this reference to my attention.

12. Statistics are based on reports appearing in Millennial Star 1 (May 1840): 20; 10 (15 August 1848): 253; 13 (1 July 1851): 207; 14 (1 January 1852): 15; 15 (29 January 1853): 78; and in the British Mission Statistical Record, LDS Church Archives.

13. The “reflex of despair” motif as applied to the English Mormons is discussed in Edward P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Random House, 1963), 801–2. Thompson deliberately does not include the Scottish working-class experience in his book because of cultural differences between the two nations (13). Although the differences between English and Scottish culture begin to disappear after 1820, it is still important to keep in mind the separate identity which Scotland attempted to maintain (at least at the level of popular culture) even after 1820. One might even wonder if there might not exist some distinctive Scottish responses to Mormonism which are glossed over by the tendency of many historians to assume that the English and Scottish experiences were the same. Detailed analysis of Scottish Mormons in terms of their class, occupational structure, educational backgrounds, religious predilections, etc., would be necessary to answer this query.

14. William Gibson, Journal, 130, LDS Church Archives.

15. Dickens is cited in William Mulder and A. Russell Mortensen, eds., Among the Mormons (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), 339.

16. Peter McIntyre, Autobiography, MS, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (hereafter cited as Marriott Library).

17. Elder Gibson to Orson Spencer, in Millennial Star 9 (1 December 1847): 362.

18. Comparison of Scottish conferences is based on data for years indicated in British Mission Statistical Record, LDS Church Archives.

19. “Editorial,” Millennial Star 10 (1 October 1848): 299.

20. Peter M’Neill, Tranent and Its Surroundings (Edinburgh: John Menzies and Co., 1883), 79–80.

21. Hamilton G. Park to Brigham Young, 14 October 1869, Brigham Young Letter Press Book, LDS Church Archives.

22. David McKenzie to Brigham Young, 22 December 1874 and 10 December 1875, in Brigham Young Letterbook, LDS Church Archives.

23. “The Work in Scotland,” 1 June 1885, in Millennial Star 47 (8 June 1885): 366.

24. “The Work in Scotland,” 19 January 1885, in Millennial Star 47 (26 January 1885): 63.

25. “Letter from John Crawford, Glasgow,” 5 January 1883, in Ogden Daily Herald.

26. Statistics are based on British Mission Statistical Reports in Millennial Star 46 (28 January 1884): 54; 53 (9 February 1891): 86; and British Mission Statistical Record, LDS Church Archives.

27. Hamilton G. Park to Brigham Young, 15 October 1869, Brigham Young Letter Press Book, LDS Church Archives.

28. Letter of H. Findlay to William Budge, Millennial Star 42 (8 March 1880): 156.

29. “Minutes of a Conference of the Priesthood,” Millennial Star 35 (17 June 1873): 379–81; Hamilton G. Park to Brigham Young, 15 November 1869, Brigham Young Letter Press Book, LDS Church Archives; David McKenzie to Brigham Young, 10 December 1875, Brigham Young Letter Press Book, LDS Church Archives.

30. Millennial Star 32 (1 March 1870): 136.

31. For information contained in tables 1 and 2, see statistical accounts of the Edinburgh Conference, 1840–68; Glasgow Conference, 1840–80; and Scottish Conference, 1880–99, in LDS Church Archives. Although there may be some slight discrepancies in the total figures because of the absence of some Dundee and Kilmarnock statistics, it appears that these figures give an accurate account of the overall trends.

32. Scottish Conference Minutes, 7 August 1899, LDS Church Archives.

33. Henry Hamilton, Journal, 28 November 1855, LDS Church Archives.

34. See statistical accounts of the Edinburgh Conference, 1840–68; Glasgow Conference, 1840–80; and Scottish Conference, 1880–99.

35. “Instructions on Excommunicating Members,” Millennial Star 23 (16 March 1861): 170.

36. David M. Stuart to Amasa Lyman, 13 December 1860, LDS Church Archives.

37. Manuscript History of the Edinburgh Conference, 9 March 1851, LDS Church Archives.

38. Ibid.; Falkirk Branch Historical Record, 21 March 1852, 18 April 1852, 20 January 1856, 28 March 1858, LDS Church Archives. See also Andrew Sprowl, Diary, 21 March 1847, typescript, Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City; Report of the Glasgow Quarterly Conference, 24–25 March 1849 and 24 June 1849; Letter of Eli B. Kelsey to Pres. O. Pratt, Millennial Star 11 (15 March 1849): 92.

39. Report of the Glasgow Conference, 24–25 March 1849. Reference to the “Chartist Elder” can be found in Matthew Rowan, Journal, 22 May 1849, typescript, Utah State Historical Society.

40. Margaret Gillespie Rawlings, “Biographical Sketch of Alexander Gillespie,” typescript, copy in possession of Richard L. Anderson, Provo.

41. Dalry Branch Record of Members, June 1850, LDS Church Archives.

42. Henry Hamilton, Diary, 16 September 1852, LDS Church Archives.

43. Source for the occupational structure is Liverpool Emigration Records, 1855–70, LDS Church Archives.

44. Malcolm Thorp, “The Religious Background of Mormon Converts in Britain, 1837–52,” Journal of Mormon History 4 (1977): 51–66.

45. “An Address to the Radical Reformers of Ayrshire. By an Ayrshire Radical Reformer” (Kilmarnock, Scotland: Ayrshire Examiner Office, 1838), 2.

46. Samuel W. Richards to Mary Haskin Richards, 26 January 1848, LDS Church Archives.

47. Charles Hamilton to Parley P. Pratt, in Millennial Star 2 (March 1842): 169.

48. Edward W. Tullidge, “Biographical Appendix,” in History of Northern Utah and Southern Idaho (Salt Lake City: N.p., 1889), 330.

49. Gibson, Journal, 58.

50. John Greenleaf Whittier, “A Mormon Conventicle,” reprinted in Millennial Star 10 (1 October 1848): 302. See also comments of William J. Coneybeare in “Mormonism,” Edinburgh Review 99 (1854): 382–83, regarding the attraction of a lay ministry to Mormon converts.

51. Alexander Baird, “Autobiography,” typescript, photocopy in author’s possession. It should be noted that this and the accounts in notes 52–59 were written after the persons had become members of the LDS Church—no diary that the writer examined had a contemporary account of the process of conversion. Most accounts are found at the beginning of a diary as an introduction to the events which followed baptism. This may explain why most of them have a decidedly Mormon flavor.

52. James Ure, Diary, LDS Church Archives.

53. John Duncan, Autobiographical Letter, 1902, LDS Church Archives.

54. Rawlings, “Autobiographical Sketch.”

55. Robert Gillespie, Diary, LDS Church Archives.

56. William A. McMaster, Diary, Marriott Library.

57. William Richardson, “Autobiography,” 12, LDS Church Archives.

58. “Autobiographical Sketch of Archibald McFarland,” photocopy in author’s possession.

59. “The Vision of Robert McKinlay,” typescript, in possession of Richard L. Anderson, Provo, Utah.

60. William Richardson, “Autobiography,” 7, LDS Church Archives. See also Eli Kelsey, Journal, 26 October 1848 and 27 February 1849, cited in the Manuscript History of the Glasgow Conference 1848–49, LDS Church Archives.

61. The Scotsman, 1 May 1847.

62. Checkland and Checkland, Industry and Ethos, 124.

63. Glasgow Herald, 5 February 1849.

64. The Scotsman, 2 October 1839.

65. Session minutes of the Bonhill Relief Church, 18 October 1841. Paul Smart of the LDS Family History Library, Salt Lake City, drew my attention to this item.

66. Gibson, Journal. See also Robert Campbell, Journal, 3 July 1844, Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; and Eli Kelsey, Journal, 9 May 1849, cited in Manuscript History of the Glasgow Conference, LDS Church Archives.

67. Report of the Edinburgh Conference, January–June 1850, 8, LDS Church Archives.

68. Gibson, Journal, 8.

69. Glasgow Herald, 22 January 1849.

70. Eli B. Kelsey to President Orson Pratt, Millennial Star 11 (15 February 1849): 61–62.

71. The Free Church Magazine 8 (1851): 369: The Bulwark or Reformation Journal 2 (1852–53): 166. The comment in The Bulwark was prompted by an article in the Jesuit Dublin Review which asserted that the existence of Mormonism was an example of what was wrong with Protestantism.

72. United Presbyterian Magazine, March 1852.

73. Ibid., October 1853.

74. Aspinwall, Portable Utopia, xiii.

75. I am indebted to Professor Richard Tompson of the department of history, University of Utah, for this insight.

76. Checkland and Checkland, Industry and Ethos, 76–80.

77. Ibid., 167–71.

78. Ibid., 118–19.

79. Ibid., 131.

80. Joseph F. Smith, “The Truth about Mormonism,” Out West 23 (September 1905): 242.

81. Checkland and Checkland, Industry and Ethos, 124–25.

82. David O. Calder to President Albert Carrington, Millennial Star 34 (15 July 1872): 475.

83. Samuel T. Whitaker to John M. Whitaker, 25 May 1889, John M. Whitaker Papers, Marriott Library.